for our interpreters : GLOBALIZTION WTO AND BRICS

INTERPRETING II ASPECTOS DE LA REALIDAD SOCIAL CONTEMPORANEA SUBJECT GLOSSARY AND TERMINOLOGY PART II Back in your first year of studies, you got started into the equivalence of your target and source languages by analyzing a) GVs ( General Vocabularies , then b) got into FIELD WORD LISTS ( list of vegetables, or trees, or household objects, C) Then you moved on into TOPIC GLOSSARIES Politics, Encomics, Medicine, Alternative Energies, Chemistry , etc ) and now you are entering into d) the world of TERMiNOLOGY Terminology is a world of rigid and precise translations, where memory plays a very important role . No paraphrasing or explanatory translations are possible here . You just have to know that POINT OF AGENDA es ORDEN DEL DIA This is what you will have to say either at UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASEMBLY translating world or at any shareholder s meeting IN ANY COMPANY where you might have to work This stage leaves the word or phrase factor behind, to pass on to a whole jargon or parlance which is displayed by speakers when dealing with a topic Closely associated to COLLOCATIVE USAGE, these phrases which are sometimes made up of syntactically independent sentences, show interpreters how the speakers they are supposed to interpret will talk about a topic of their interest . It is not just words, or short phrases , it is much more than that , It has to do with a specific discourse, usually of formal register that will always appear when speakers refer to these topics . Paying close attention to these set phrases will deal to whole statements and these in turn will reflect the style of the prose or speech under scrutiny. HOW INTERPRETERS MUST WORK ON THIS RECURRENCE OF TERMS The most important task for interpreters is to contrast texts in both languages. You, in regular practice, will be dealing with speeches that reflect regular procedures, and will leave little room for you to have to do new translations. They will become regular practice This will allow them to see how terms or whole statements appear in the target or source language -. At this point, translations should highlight whole ideas, not only focus on words or set phrases only. Look at the text in the opposite language and you will know what you will have to say in the other or source EXAMPLE TASK Read the following text of general interest Pinpoint the set ideas and find out equivalents in the Spanish texts dealing with this topic . THE WORLD IS JUST ONE PLACE EL MUNDO: UN LUGAR UNICO TASK Look up the corresponding translation into Spanish : Globalization is a term used to describe how trade and technology have made the world into a more connected and interdependent place. Globalization also captures in its scope the economic and social changes that have come about as a result. Economies trade their products or produce with as many countries as they can., which leads to growing economies with jobs galore. No country in the world is self-sufficient. No country in the world profits from selling to its own `people only. It is just not worth investing money and effort on self-sufficiency. It is better to provide ourselves with objects that will cost us much less because they have been developed by other countries at a lower cost. In turn, we will sell our partners our goods that will raise the capital for us to buy. Unlike trying to be protectionists, countries should trade (export and import) the products they manufacture as well as those they need. This makes them enter into negotiations to obtain the best working agreements and benefit in the process . Here is where THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION COMES INTO PLAY Si uds observan la imagen, encontrarán la sigla equivalente en Español : If countries are to accord business deals, there better be agreements to abide by among nations so that all negotiations will be profitable for all parties involved THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only international organization dealing with the global rules of trade. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible. Global trade rules Global rules of trade provide assurance and stability. Consumers and producers know they can enjoy secure supplies and greater choice of the finished products, components, raw materials and services they use. Producers and exporters know foreign markets will remain open to them. This leads to a more prosperous, peaceful and accountable economic world. Decisions in the WTO are typically taken by consensus among all members and they are ratified by members’ parliaments. Trade frictions are channelled into the WTO’s dispute settlement process, where the focus is on interpreting agreements and commitments and how to ensure that members’ trade policies conform with them. That way, the risk of disputes spilling over into political or military conflict is reduced. By lowering trade barriers through negotiations among member governments, the WTO’s system also breaks down other barriers between peoples and trading economies. CENTRO ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 2023 PROF PAT GREY PART 2 BRICS B FOR BRAZIL R FOR RUSSIA I FOR INDIA C FOR CHINA S FOR SOUTH AFRICA The BRICS countries: where next and what impact on the global economy? Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, originally an informal group of the leading emerging economies of the early 2000s, have since experienced very different growth paths. Their significance in the global economy at a time of considerable geopolitical uncertainty remains an open question. Over the past two decades, there has been an astonishing restructuring of global economic power. This has been driven primarily by the rise of China and, to a lesser extent, the BRICS countries more broadly – which, in addition to the East Asian giant, encompass Brazil, Russia, India and South Africa. As this group has become increasingly formalized and institutionalized – hosting regular summits and establishing collective bodies – many observers have worried that its growing influence might be accompanied by the normalization of authoritarian forms of ‘state capitalism’, and even the unravelling of the liberal order. Others have taken a more sanguine view, arguing that Eastern forms of state-led development appear superior in many ways to Anglo-American economic and political structures, and this is reconcilable with – and, indeed, depends on – an open global economy. Either way, the concerns of many Western liberals have resurfaced following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Recent news that other mostly non-democratic states – Egypt, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Turkey (and Argentina) – have either applied to join the BRICS, or are considering doing so, is also cause for concern among Western governments. Qué es el grupo BRICS, países miembro y objetivos BRICS es un acrónimo que representa a cinco países, Brasil, Rusia, India, China y Sudáfrica, y se trata de una asociación económica cuyo objetivo es potenciar las posibilidades de cada uno de sus miembros a través de, por ejemplo, la asistencia financiera para determinados tipos de proyectos. Asimismo, en la actualidad, el grupo promueve un modelo de desarrollo con políticas para la erradicación del hambre y la pobreza a escala global para 2030, sustentado en la cooperación Sur-Sur y en la creciente vinculación entre naciones con economías complementarias y con similares objetivos económicos, políticos y sociales. En su conjunto, esta alianza económica representa el 22% de la superficie continental, el 42% de la población mundial, el 24% del PBI mundial y contribuyen con el 16% de las exportaciones y el 15% de las importaciones mundiales de bienes y servicios. Los BRICS constituyen en la actualidad un eje global de dimensiones cada vez más amplias, y cuyos efectos políticos y económicos se harán sentir con mayor fuerza en las próximas décadas, a medida que se consolide una nueva geopolítica multipolar, capaz de balancear el poder aparentemente omnímodo representado hoy por los Estados Unidos. Origen del BRICS A principios del nuevo siglo, el entonces director del grupo inversionista Goldman Sachs, Jim O'Neil argumentó en un ensayo titulado “Building Better Global Economic” que el potencial económico de Brasil, Rusia, India y China era tan grande que en pocas décadas, hacia el 2050, podrían convertirse en las cuatro economías dominantes del mundo. El economista realizó un juego de palabras entre el acrónimo de Brasil, Rusia, India y China, BRIC, y el vocablo inglés brick, que en español significa ladrillo, para referirse a un bloque de países con grandes poblaciones, economías ascendentes, una clase media en proceso de expansión, y un crecimiento superior a la media global y potenciales herederos del poderío económico limitado a los miembros del llamado "G-7" —Estados Unidos, Japón, Alemania, Reino Unido, Francia, Italia y Canadá—. Esta idea fue tomada en cuenta con seriedad recién en 2006, a partir de una serie de encuentros entre los ministros de relaciones exteriores de cada país en las que discutieron sobre enfoques comunes y problemas económicos importantes de la agenda internacional. En diciembre del 2010, los cuatro países acordaron la incorporación de Sudáfrica al mecanismo de los BRIC, así que en la actualidad se emplea BRICS para incluir al país africano. En términos comparativos, y de acuerdo a información del Fondo Monetario Internacional, China es la economía más importante del grupo, representando más del 70% del poder económico colectivo, seguido de India con un 13%, Rusia y Brasil cada uno con aproximadamente el 7%, y finalmente Sudáfrica con un 3%. En el contexto actual, la fortaleza de esta alianza radica especialmente en la sociedad establecida entre China como primera economía comercial a nivel mundial, y Rusia como principal proveedor de energía. En tanto que India es ya una de las principales potencias económicas a partir de la exportación de recursos naturales y cereales, Brasil se consolida a nivel global como uno de los principales actores de la escena agroalimentaria y Sudáfrica se convierte en una nación clave en la provisión de metales y minerales con amplios usos tecnológicos. La importancia de la incorporación de Argentina al BRICS El ingreso de Argentina a los BRICS se sustenta en la capacidad para proveer productos alimenticios como soja y cereales, junto con recursos estratégicos como el gas natural, el gas de esquisto, distintos minerales y, sobre todo, el cada vez más valorado litio. Además, Argentina posee un capital científico plenamente consolidado, entre otros aspectos, con especialización en biotecnología y en tecnología logística aplicada. En estos últimos años, Argentina manifestó en varias oportunidades sus intenciones de sumarse al bloque. Actualmente hay una veintena de naciones de todos los continentes cuyos gobiernos están pidiendo su incorporación. Además de nuestro país, Arabia Saudí, Egipto, Etiopía, Emiratos Árabes Unidos e Irán también ingresarán al bloque. La incorporación del país criollo a los BRICS tendrá lugar en un contexto de progresiva debacle del sistema financiero internacional, que evidencia signos de desgaste y descontrol en torno a la creciente debilidad del dólar, una inflación amenazante y sustentada en la emisión monetaria, y un déficit fiscal que, en 2022, se calcula en más mil billones de dólares, según datos de la Oficina Presupuestaria del Congreso de los Estados Unidos. CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES , 2023