Are so many pills always necessary ? ORNELLA DISCO

IN OUR SOCIETY THERE IS A STRONG DEPENDANCE ON PILLS OR MEDICATIONS PRESCRIBED BY DOCTORS TO CURE OUR DISEASES OR DONDITIONS HOWEVER, THESE PILLS MAY BRING ABOUT A STRONG DEPENDANCE THAT IS NOT ALWAYS GOOD BECAUSE THERE MAY BE SIDE EFFECTS DOCTORS ARE ALSO WORKING NOWADAYS ON ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF MEDICNE WHICH WERE NOT TAKEN SERIOUSLY IN THE PAST READ THIS ARTICLE AND PASS YOUR COMMENTS IN YOUR LIVE CLASSES https://theconversation.com/drugs-dont-cure-everything-doctors-can-be-helped-to-prescribe-other-options-69140 I FOUND THIS QUITE INTERESTING BECAUSE THIS WAS ONE OF MY SON S AILMENTS . ORNELLA DISCO

EASILY CONFUSED MEDICAL TERMS by ANA LOVATO

7 benefits of regular physical activity You know exercise is good for you, but do you know how good? From boosting your mood to improving your sex life, find out how exercise can improve your life. By Mayo Clinic Staff Want to feel better, have more energy and even add years to your life? Just exercise. The health benefits of regular exercise and physical activity are hard to ignore. Everyone benefits from exercise, no matter their age, sex or physical ability. Need more convincing to get moving? Check out these seven ways that exercise can lead to a happier, healthier you. 1. Exercise controls weight Exercise can help prevent excess weight gain or help you keep off lost weight. When you take part in physical activity, you burn calories. The more intense the activity, the more calories you burn. Regular trips to the gym are great, but don't worry if you can't find a large chunk of time to exercise every day. Any amount of activity is better than none. To gain the benefits of exercise, just get more active throughout your day. For example, take the stairs instead of the elevator or rev up your household chores. Consistency is key. 2. Exercise combats health conditions and diseases Worried about heart disease? Hoping to prevent high blood pressure? No matter what your current weight is, being active boosts high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, the "good" cholesterol, and it decreases unhealthy triglycerides. This one-two punch keeps your blood flowing smoothly, which lowers your risk of heart and blood vessel, called cardiovascular, diseases. Regular exercise helps prevent or manage many health problems and concerns, including: Stroke. Metabolic syndrome. High blood pressure. Type 2 diabetes. Depression. Anxiety. Many types of cancer. Arthritis. Falls. It also can help improve cognitive function and helps lower the risk of death from all causes. 3. Exercise improves mood Need an emotional lift? Or need to lower stress after a stressful day? A gym session or brisk walk can help. Physical activity stimulates many brain chemicals that may leave you feeling happier, more relaxed and less anxious. You also may feel better about your appearance and yourself when you exercise regularly, which can boost your confidence and improve your self-esteem. 4. Exercise boosts energy Winded by grocery shopping or household chores? Regular physical activity can improve your muscle strength and boost your endurance. Exercise sends oxygen and nutrients to your tissues and helps your cardiovascular system work more efficiently. And when your heart and lung health improve, you have more energy to tackle daily chores. 5. Exercise promotes better sleep Struggling to snooze? Regular physical activity can help you fall asleep faster, get better sleep and deepen your sleep. Just don't exercise too close to bedtime, or you may be too energized to go to sleep. 6. Exercise puts the spark back into your sex life Do you feel too tired or too out of shape to enjoy physical intimacy? Regular physical activity can improve energy levels and give you more confidence about your physical appearance, which may boost your sex life. But there's even more to it than that. Regular physical activity may enhance arousal for women. And men who exercise regularly are less likely to have problems with erectile dysfunction than are men who don't exercise. 7. Exercise can be fun — and social! Exercise and physical activity can be fun. They give you a chance to unwind, enjoy the outdoors or simply do activities that make you happy. Physical activity also can help you connect with family or friends in a fun social setting. So take a dance class, hit the hiking trails or join a soccer team. Find a physical activity you enjoy, and just do it. Bored? Try something new, or do something with friends or family. Exercise to feel better and have fun Exercise and physical activity are great ways to feel better, boost your health and have fun. For most healthy adults, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recommends these exercise guidelines: Aerobic activity. Get at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity. Or get at least 75 minutes of vigorous aerobic activity a week. You also can get an equal combination of moderate and vigorous activity. Aim to spread out this exercise over a few days or more in a week. For even more health benefits, the guidelines suggest getting 300 minutes a week or more of moderate aerobic activity. Exercising this much may help with weight loss or keeping off lost weight. But even small amounts of physical activity can be helpful. Being active for short periods of time during the day can add up and have health benefits. Strength training. Do strength training exercises for all major muscle groups at least two times a week. One set of each exercise is enough for health and fitness benefits. Use a weight or resistance level heavy enough to tire your muscles after about 12 to 15 repetitions. Moderate aerobic exercise includes activities such as brisk walking, biking, swimming and mowing the lawn. Vigorous aerobic exercise includes activities such as running, swimming laps, heavy yardwork and aerobic dancing. You can do strength training by using weight machines or free weights, your own body weight, heavy bags, or resistance bands. You also can use resistance paddles in the water or do activities such as rock climbing. If you want to lose weight, keep off lost weight or meet specific fitness goals, you may need to exercise more. Remember to check with a health care professional before starting a new exercise program, especially if you have any concerns about your fitness or haven't exercised for a long time. Also check with a health care professional if you have chronic health problems, such as heart disease, diabetes or arthritis. From Mayo Clinic to your inbox

HOW PHYSICAL ACTIVITY CAN HELP OUR HEALTH

7 benefits of regular physical activity You know exercise is good for you, but do you know how good? From boosting your mood to improving your sex life, find out how exercise can improve your life. By Mayo Clinic Staff Want to feel better, have more energy and even add years to your life? Just exercise. The health benefits of regular exercise and physical activity are hard to ignore. Everyone benefits from exercise, no matter their age, sex or physical ability. Need more convincing to get moving? Check out these seven ways that exercise can lead to a happier, healthier you. 1. Exercise controls weight Exercise can help prevent excess weight gain or help you keep off lost weight. When you take part in physical activity, you burn calories. The more intense the activity, the more calories you burn. Regular trips to the gym are great, but don't worry if you can't find a large chunk of time to exercise every day. Any amount of activity is better than none. To gain the benefits of exercise, just get more active throughout your day. For example, take the stairs instead of the elevator or rev up your household chores. Consistency is key. 2. Exercise combats health conditions and diseases Worried about heart disease? Hoping to prevent high blood pressure? No matter what your current weight is, being active boosts high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, the "good" cholesterol, and it decreases unhealthy triglycerides. This one-two punch keeps your blood flowing smoothly, which lowers your risk of heart and blood vessel, called cardiovascular, diseases. Regular exercise helps prevent or manage many health problems and concerns, including: Stroke. Metabolic syndrome. High blood pressure. Type 2 diabetes. Depression. Anxiety. Many types of cancer. Arthritis. Falls. It also can help improve cognitive function and helps lower the risk of death from all causes. 3. Exercise improves mood Need an emotional lift? Or need to lower stress after a stressful day? A gym session or brisk walk can help. Physical activity stimulates many brain chemicals that may leave you feeling happier, more relaxed and less anxious. You also may feel better about your appearance and yourself when you exercise regularly, which can boost your confidence and improve your self-esteem. 4. Exercise boosts energy Winded by grocery shopping or household chores? Regular physical activity can improve your muscle strength and boost your endurance. Exercise sends oxygen and nutrients to your tissues and helps your cardiovascular system work more efficiently. And when your heart and lung health improve, you have more energy to tackle daily chores. 5. Exercise promotes better sleep Struggling to snooze? Regular physical activity can help you fall asleep faster, get better sleep and deepen your sleep. Just don't exercise too close to bedtime, or you may be too energized to go to sleep. 6. Exercise puts the spark back into your sex life Do you feel too tired or too out of shape to enjoy physical intimacy? Regular physical activity can improve energy levels and give you more confidence about your physical appearance, which may boost your sex life. But there's even more to it than that. Regular physical activity may enhance arousal for women. And men who exercise regularly are less likely to have problems with erectile dysfunction than are men who don't exercise. 7. Exercise can be fun — and social! Exercise and physical activity can be fun. They give you a chance to unwind, enjoy the outdoors or simply do activities that make you happy. Physical activity also can help you connect with family or friends in a fun social setting. So take a dance class, hit the hiking trails or join a soccer team. Find a physical activity you enjoy, and just do it. Bored? Try something new, or do something with friends or family. Exercise to feel better and have fun Exercise and physical activity are great ways to feel better, boost your health and have fun. For most healthy adults, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recommends these exercise guidelines: Aerobic activity. Get at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity. Or get at least 75 minutes of vigorous aerobic activity a week. You also can get an equal combination of moderate and vigorous activity. Aim to spread out this exercise over a few days or more in a week. For even more health benefits, the guidelines suggest getting 300 minutes a week or more of moderate aerobic activity. Exercising this much may help with weight loss or keeping off lost weight. But even small amounts of physical activity can be helpful. Being active for short periods of time during the day can add up and have health benefits. Strength training. Do strength training exercises for all major muscle groups at least two times a week. One set of each exercise is enough for health and fitness benefits. Use a weight or resistance level heavy enough to tire your muscles after about 12 to 15 repetitions. Moderate aerobic exercise includes activities such as brisk walking, biking, swimming and mowing the lawn. Vigorous aerobic exercise includes activities such as running, swimming laps, heavy yardwork and aerobic dancing. You can do strength training by using weight machines or free weights, your own body weight, heavy bags, or resistance bands. You also can use resistance paddles in the water or do activities such as rock climbing. If you want to lose weight, keep off lost weight or meet specific fitness goals, you may need to exercise more. Remember to check with a health care professional before starting a new exercise program, especially if you have any concerns about your fitness or haven't exercised for a long time. Also check with a health care professional if you have chronic health problems, such as heart disease, diabetes or arthritis. From Mayo Clinic to your inbox Sign up for free and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips, current health topics, and expertise on managing health. Click here for an email preview. Enter your email EmailLearn more about Mayo Clinic’s use of data. Subscribe! ShareTweet Aug. 26, 2023 Show references See more In-depth Products and Services

THE YOUNG AND THE NEWS

Jodie Jackson has an audacious goal: to completely change children’s relationships with the news. Having spent more than a decade researching and exploring how the news impacts us, in 2019 she published You Are What You Read: why changing your media diet can change the world, followed up with a 2020 children’s book Little Ruffle and The World Beyond. In 2022, she presented Beyond fake news: how to heal a broken worldview at the TEDxLondon stage, which has been viewed more than 10,000 times. And since 2021, she’s been building the News Literacy Lab, which offers news literacy programmes to “empower young people by equipping them with essential skills to navigate the news in today’s world”. It’s a timely skill set. Research published by the University of Oxford in 2022 found that only around a third of 18- to 24-year-olds trust most news (compared with more than half of those aged 55 and above), and that around four in 10 of those under 35 often or sometimes avoid the news. A shocking 82% of middle-schoolers couldn’t distinguish between an ad labelled “sponsored content” and a real news story on a website, according to a Stanford University study of 7,804 students from middle school through college. Researchers from the University of Liverpool found that participation in the News Literacy Lab left students “feeling more equipped to evaluate the credibility of news sources”, and to be “aware of their own biases and those of media organisations”. Importantly, it also helped students feel more hopeful about the world and their role within it, with an emphasis on ‘solutions-focused journalism’, which aims to present a more complete picture by highlighting responses and potential solutions to issues. We spoke to Jodie to understand what she thinks young people need to know about navigating the news, how news is made and how to help young people construct a healthy news diet. Like many people, you’ve had a complex relationship with the news. How did that lead you to create the News Literacy Lab? When I was around 21 or 22, I just couldn't stand the news anymore. It made me feel so depressed about the world and so hopeless about the future, because of seeing terrible, terrible things happening daily. I decided to switch off from it but found that was nearly impossible because the news is everywhere. It will find you, whether it's through a radio programme, a conversation with a friend, or just standing in a queue at the shops where you can see the front pages. It's everywhere. I felt like turning off didn't really fix the problem I was trying to solve. It made me feel slightly less bad slightly less often, but it didn't make me feel significantly better. So I started a (now defunct) website called What A Good Week, which was an aggregator platform of solutions-focused news. And I had such a profound shift in myself from changing my media diet that I wanted to understand it more rigorously, so I went back to university and did a master's in positive psychology, because I wanted to understand concepts like hope, optimism, resilience, post-traumatic growth. I wanted to understand what the conditions for them are, and what the impact of them is. There was very little research at the time around solutions-focused content, so that's what I created my thesis on. But then when Covid hit, I realised that even with everything that I had learned, I couldn't be an effective mediator between my three children and their information spaces. So I wrote a children's book that addressed some of this. I went on to create some resources for teachers for seven- to 11-year-olds, and at that point, I realised I was teaching young people how to have a healthy relationship with news. I was teaching them to create a balanced understanding of the world and empower them to be able to act within it. How does your work differ from other news literacy programmes? News literacy is becoming more valued as a practice, but a lot of it can be quite one-dimensional and quite impractical. A lot of news literacy programmes are very much about fake news, and overly burdening consumers with the responsibility of fact-checking and verifying. This can be unhelpful, especially because so many people are disengaging from the news. I've learned over the last five years that fake news is not the only contributor to a misinformed worldview. Our curriculum does have a fake news element, but we also look at the negativity bias, solutions journalism, and we look at human psychology. This is to understand how our brains process information and what biases are built into our news.

WHY WORK ?

o me, one of the sad truths about the world today is that most people look upon work as something to escape from. To them, this major part of life is a necessary evil, even an obstacle to the life they dream about. Want proof? Many Americans are disengaged at their work. The 4-Hour Workweek is one of the top-selling books of the last decade. People are beginning to define early retirement as their dream. Given the option between “work a long time at a fulfilling job” or “retire early,” only 34% of Americans would choose to work a long time at a fulfilling job. At least half of the U.S. workforce is quiet quitting.

LOOKING AT GRAPHS UNEMPLOYMENT RATES IN ARGENTINA

Argentina Unemployment Rate LOOK AT GRAPH AT https://tradingeconomics.com/argentina/unemployment-rate Summary Stats Forecast Calendar Alerts Download The unemployment rate in Argentina rose to 7.7% in the first quarter of 2024, up from its lowest level in over two decades of 5.7% in the previous period. Meanwhile, the employment rate fell to 44.3% from 45.8% in the previous quarter, and the labor force participation rate decreased to 48% from 48.6%. source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INDEC) % 3Y 5Y 10Y MAX Compare + Export API Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INDEC) ValueChgChg% Feedback Calendar GMT Reference Actual Previous Consensus TEForecast 2024-03-20 07:00 PM Q4 5.7% 5.7% 6.3% 5.6% 2024-06-24 07:00 PM Q1 7.7% 5.7% 5.6% 2024-09-19 07:00 PM Q2 7.7% 7.0% Related Last Previous Unit Reference Employed Persons 13.11 13518.00 Thousand Mar 2024 Employment Rate 44.30 45.80 percent Mar 2024 Labor Force Participation Rate 48.00 48.60 percent Mar 2024 Population 46.66 46.24 Million Dec 2023 Unemployed Persons 1088.00 822.00 Thousand Mar 2024 Unemployment Rate 7.70 5.70 percent Mar 2024 Argentina Unemployment Rate In Argentina, the unemployment rate measures the number of people actively looking for a job as a percentage of the labour force. Actual Previous Highest Lowest Dates Unit Frequency 7.70 5.70 20.80 5.70 2002 - 2024 percent Quarterly Compare Unemployment Rate by Country News Stream Argentina Jobless Rate Rebounds in Q1 The unemployment rate in Argentina rose to 7.7% in the first quarter of 2024, up from its lowest level in over two decades of 5.7% in the previous period. Meanwhile, the employment rate fell to 44.3% from 45.8% in the previous quarter, and the labor force participation rate decreased to 48% from 48.... more 2024-06-24 Argentina Jobless Rate Remains at over 2 Decade Low in Q4 The unemployment rate in Argentina stood at 5.7% in the fourth quarter of 2023, maintaining its lowest level in over two decades and remaining unchanged from the previous period. Meanwhile, the employment rate rose to 45.8%, up from 45.5% in the third quarter, while the labor force participation rat... more 2024-03-20 Argentina Jobless Rate at over 2 Decade Low in Q3 The unemployment rate in Argentina was at 5.7% in the second quarter of 2023, marking the lowest level in over two decades and a decline from 6.2 percent in the previous period. Meanwhile, the employment rate increased to 45.5 percent from 44.6 percent in the first quarter, and the labor force parti... more 2023-12-21 Related Argentina Inflation Eases to Lowest in Over 2 Years Argentina Industrial Output Contracts for 13th Consecutive Month in June Argentina Consumer Confidence Hits Annual High Argentinian Retail Sales Growth Rebounds in May Argentina Economic Activity Expands the Most Since January 2023 Argentina Trade Records 7th Consecutive Surplus Argentina Current Account Swings to Surplus in Q1 Argentina GDP Shrinks the Most Since Q2 2023 Argentina Jobless Rate Rebounds in Q1 Argentina Cuts Interest Rate to 40% Latest Argentina Inflation Eases to Lowest in Over 2 Years Oil Settles Below $77 Dow Rises Over 250 Points Brazilian Business Confidence at 3-Month High in August Brazil 10-Year Bond Declines to 3-Month Low Colombian Retail Sales Rebound Canada 10-Year Bond Near 1-Year Lows Canadian Dollar Near 1-Month High Colombia Industrial Output Contracts Further in June South African Stocks End at Near 2-Week High Argentina Calendar Forecast Indicators News Markets GDP Labour Employed Persons Employment Rate Labor Force Participation Rate Minimum Wages Population Unemployed Persons Unemployment Rate Wage Growth Wages Prices

WORK RELATIONS DIMENSIONS by SILVIA SOA

The statement is true. Work relationships do involve both task-oriented and social dimensions. This social dimension can lead to friendships and higher job satisfaction. These workplace friendships are common and have positive benefits. It is true that work relationships usually involve both a task dimension and a social dimension. In the workplace, interactions can range from purely task-focused exchanges to complex collegial relationships that share characteristics with friendships. Coworkers collaborate on work projects, which can lead to friendships that enhance day-to-day life and can even improve job satisfaction, job involvement, and organizational commitment. The development of friendships among coworkers is common, and these relationships extend beyond mere acquaintance, as coworkers often engage in social activities outside of work, such as dining out or watching movies together, and provide valuable social support. Explore all similar answers rating answer section Answer rating0.0 (0 votes) Express your feedback with quick comments Log in to add comment Advertisement Report ad Survey Did this page answer your question? Not at all Slightly Kinda Very much Completely Still have questions? Click 'Find More Answers' on the question page. Ready to dive into rabbit hole and unlock a badge. You might be interested in Verified answer You want to restrict the values entered in a cell to a specified set, such as hop, skip, jump. Which type of data validation should you use?. 7 Verified answer Explain four reasons the youth do not want to participate in civic life.​ 26 Verified answer as a bystander, which approach may not work when the person you’re trying to stop is likely to become defensive or hostile? 4.1/5 5 Verified answer Outline and analyse the limitations of the traditional medical approach to inclusive education. 6 New questions in Social Studies Is the American Dream fair or just? Identify an organization, institution, or project in your community. Volunteer to provide support as a responsible citizen. Provide the following Food is an example of which of the following? A. A tangible want B. A tangible need C. An intangible want D. An intangible need Which of the following most commonly plays a formal role in amending the Constitution? A. The president B. State governors C. State legislatures D. Which of the following statements best describes who makes government decisions in an oligarchy? A. Many eligible voters B. A single political party Previous Next Advertisement Report ad Get more out of Brainly for FREE See more answers Ask new questions Search by pic with the app By creating an account, you accept the Brainly Terms of Service(opens in a new tab) & Privacy Policy(opens in a new tab).

AN IMPORTANT INVENTOR

WHO INVENTEND ...... ? 

TASK Read the brief bio of some important scientist  and  perhaps we might say , an important artist . 

In the texts you ll find exact dates when they did something remarkable 

. Timothy Berners-Lee 

It would be hard to argue against the guy who invented a little something called “the world wide web” being on this list. 

Timothy Berners-Lee is a British computer scientist, was  knighted by the Queen Elizabeth II for his pioneering work. He is especially famous for his proposal to share information by using the technology of hypertext, the cornerstone of the world wide web. 

Berners-Lee also made the world’s first website in 1991.

ENDANGERED SPECIES . WHAT CAN HUMANS DO ?

WHAT SHOULD WE DO TO PREVENT THEIR EXTINCTION ? In general, many species die out every year . Many animals that we have only seen in books cannot be found in real life anymore . They have grdually disappeared and with us not even noticing this Take rhinos and giraffes, for instance How many can you find at large today ? In the wild? No, there are very few . Because these species are gradallu disappearing This may be caused by the fact that they are losing their habitat. Before there were very big extensions of land where they used to live However, noaadays , that land has been invaded by humans. What many associations have started doing is trying to help them survicxe HGow ? By protecting them in zoos or reserves

THE WORLD S ENERGY SYSTEM MUST BE TRANSFORMED COMPLETELY Susana IELTS

ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF ENERGY DEAR MATES AND TEACHER I Found this article on the ECONOMIST Below I have included the link in case you want to read the whole article The world’s energy system must be transformed completely It has been changed before, but never as fast or fully as must happen now May 23rd 2020 Share For more than 100,000 years humans derived all their energy from what they hunted, gathered and grazed on or grew for themselves. Their own energy for moving things came from what they ate. Energy for light and heat came from burning the rest. In recent millennia they added energy from the flow of water and, later, air to the repertoire. But, important as water- and windmills were, they did little to change the overall energy picture. Global energy use broadly tracked the size of a population fed by farms and warmed by wood. The combination of fossil fuels and machinery changed everything. According to calculations by Vaclav Smil, a scholar of energy systems at the University of Manitoba, between 1850 and 2000 the human world’s energy use increased by a factor of 15 or so. Already have an account?Log in Get the full story https://www.economist.com/schools-brief/2020/05/23/the-worlds-energy-system-must-be-transformed-completely?utm_medium=cpc.adword.pd&utm_source=google&ppccampaignID=19495686130&ppcadID=&utm_campaign=a.22brand_pmax&utm_content=conversion.direct-response.anonymous&gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjwps-zBhAiEiwALwsVYUFjOjXmbzrLWOnR1Yr7evvucq1TlbP5df-hHfMrx5UHFkT8VrWeCxoC15QQAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds

MODERN TRANSPORTATION SERVICES

READ THE FOLLOWING AND : EXPLAIN WHO AND WHY HAVE SENT THIS MESSAGE THROUGH THE INTERNET WHO IS THIS AIMED AT ?, https://www.centroingles.com.ar/https://www.centroingles.com.ar/ Since 1987 Modern Transportation has served numerous material and chemical providers, energy producers and industrial manufacturers. We have built, among all of them, a reputation for being a carrier of choice – for implementing supply chain solutions that work, successfully, in mission-critical production environments. Our ability to serve sophisticated customers in high-demand environments is a result of our commitment to safety, our understanding of our customers and their needs, our application of technology and innovative operations, and our culture of honesty and respect. HOW IS MODERN TRANSPOIRTATION DEFINED ¿ What is modern transportation? Technology in transportation - the ancient and modern forms ... The modern forms of transportation are: Air: The use of aeroplane, jets, spaceship, rockets, etc to transport people and goods from one place to another through air. Land: All big cities use vehicles and other motors for transportation from one part to another or from city to city. What are the modern days means of transportation? Examples of the means of transport include automobile, airplane, ship, truck, and train. Each mode of transport has a fundamentally different set of technological solutions. Each mode has its own infrastructure, vehicles, transport operators and operations. COMPARE WITH THE PREVIOUS LISTING Modes of transport include air, land (rail and road), water, cable, pipelines, and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. Transport enables human trade, which is essential for the development of civilizations. Main modes of transportation: air, land, water, and space. WHAT IS THE SPECIFIC WORD FOR TRANSPORTATION CHANNELS AND DISTRIBUTION ? LOGISTICS The four primary modes of transportation in logistics are shipments by truck, ship, train and plane — also known as road, maritime, rail and air shipments. While each of these modes of transportation has unique benefits, knowing which method is right for your business requires careful consideration.24 abr 2020

GENERATION Z CHARTS BY ASTRID ( IELTS )

Generation Z is unprecedentedly rich Millennials were poorer at this stage in their lives. So were baby-boomers Illustration of a girl leaning back on a chair with her feet up on the desk. On her feet are a pair of crocs with money-themed jibbitz on them. Illustration: Vincent Kilbride Apr 16th 2024|Kalamata and New York Generation Z is taking over. In the rich world there are at least 250m people born between 1997 and 2012. About half are now in a job. In the average American workplace, the number of Gen Z-ers (sometimes also known as “Zoomers”) working full-time is about to surpass the number of full-time baby-boomers, those born from 1945 to 1964, whose careers are winding down (see chart 1). America now has more than 6,000 Zoomer chief executives and 1,000 Zoomer politicians. As the generation becomes more influential, companies, governments and investors need to understand it. Chart: The Economist Already have an account?Log in Unlock your free trial to continue Explore all our independent journalism for free for one month. Cancel at any time

TRAVELLING AND SUSTAINABLILITY BY PROF ANA LOVATO

How to travel to the mountains sustainably #TeamMontane professional alpinist and mountaineer Rebecca Coles is most at home in the mountains. In support of International Mountain Day (11 December) she shares her advice to help more of you access these special natural spaces as sustainably as possible. The allure of the mountains can be strong. Few of us are lucky enough to live near enough to them, meaning travel from afar is inevitable. As we spend time amongst peaks and passes, we care about the impact we have on this environment, and become torn knowing that our carbon footprint from travel is damaging. Climate change is causing the glaciers to melt. This, in turn, negatively impacts a steady water supply for huge populations and wildlife. As a result, ecosystems break down as they can’t adapt to this change fast enough. Permafrost, the mortar which holds rock walls together, disintegrates, causing dangerous rock falls and landslides. Not only does this affect the people who live and rely on these mountains, it ultimately has an impact on our ability to undertake the activities we love here too. These are just a few of the major impacts being seen in mountain environments as a result of climate change. Ultimately, our travel to these places is the most carbon-consuming part of any trip. Once there, it’s easier to make choices that help us to tread lightly in these delicate places. However, taking a flight is an environmentally impactful form of transport, not only from a carbon consumption perspective but also because it fires emissions into a part of the atmosphere where the effect is amplified. Beyond stopping all travel or cutting ourselves off from our fossil fuel-dependent society, how can we reduce our environmental impact when traveling to the mountains? Here are three mountain journeys I have made which are not only possible by public transport, the lowest of carbon-emitting travel choices, but I believe they are enhanced by it. Himalaya mountains | Montane Munros from Corrour Station, Scotland There are few places where a train line diverges from the main road, taking its own path. The West Coast line, which cuts through the Scottish Highlands across Rannoch Moor, before its eventual destination being Fort William to the north, or Glasgow far to the south, is but one. Halfway along this lonely part of the West Highland line the train pauses at a station. This station is unique in the British Isles, because it has no road access, you either get there by train or on foot. At 408m, it is also the highest rail station in the UK. Stepping off the platform one snowy February day, the train sliding smoothly away, we’d been transported into the still whiteness of a magical Scottish winter day. From here, multiple easy Munros are accessible, either for a circular walk or a linear journey finishing at Rannoch Station. It is worth knowing the train times before setting out as they aren’t particularly regular. After misjudging the snowy conditions, we missed the train at Rannoch Station and had a long wait. I had anticipated that this could have been an outcome and had packed a slim paperback in my rucksack. My partner accused me of betrayal as he read and reread the interpretation boards about the construction of the West Highland railway in the cold darkness of our wait. Despite this unintended end to our day, this journey through the mountains is so unique in the British Isles that I’m glad I’ve experienced it, and Tunnocks teacakes paid for via an honesty box in the waiting room made up for the delay! Traversing the Bernese Oberland, Switzerland Sat at the train station, our skis were leant against the waiting room building. Boots slung over day packs, lightweight trainers on our feet, and ski salopettes rolled to our calves, we wondered if we’d make all five train connections which the online journey planner had created for us. Of course we did. This was Switzerland, where everything is on time. We’d left our vehicle where we’d taken the first train, which would be the end of our journey on the south side of the Bernese Oberland. We traveled via Interlaken and then high into the mountains via the Eiger, to the Jungfraujoch at 3571m. Now 4000m peaks and a network of mountain huts were in reach, either on foot in the summer or by skis in the winter and spring. From the Jungfraujoch we could, if we chose, ski downhill on the longest glacier in mainland Europe, the Aletsch glacier, to where we’d left our vehicle six trains ago. However, we planned a bit more of an interesting route. Staying in the bustling huts overnight we ski mountaineered several 4000m peaks, including the Grosses and Hinteres Fiescherhorn, as well as Grosses Grünhorn, over several days. Switzerland is not known as a budget destination and, although much of the public transport is affordable, the train through the Eiger to the Jungfraujoch is eye-wateringly expensive. The tiny chocolate bar given out on the train does not come close to easing the pain of the purchase, however, there is a cheaper way to do it. Swiss Rail has a large selection of railcards which aren’t dependent on age. We bought the demi-tariff card which, after an upfront cost, gave us 50% off all travel including the train to the Jungfraujoch, the card paying for itself with this one journey. The unbelievably good public transport connections in Switzerland make it a very friendly place to travel to the mountains using this method of travel. Another significant advantage of using public transport in Switzerland (and elsewhere) is that it enables linear journeys such as the one we did in Oberland. The Himalaya Once on continental Europe, the landmass is continuous until eastern and southern Asia, and there are some pretty big mountains in between. Traveling overland to the Greater Ranges of Asia is not done for convenience, or as a cost efficient way to travel, it is done simply for the adventure. Slow travel such as this creates connection to people and place, it deepens understanding and despite the trials and tribulations which will no doubt be encountered, the achievement in making such a journey can be affirmative and even life-changing, which is deeply satisfying in itself. In 2011, after trekking in the Manaslu and Annapurna regions in Nepal and climbing a 6000m peak, I traveled from Kathmandu back to the UK overland using public transport. We made a proper trip of it, taking the time to explore Central Asia and the Southern Caucasus en route, and the opportunity to visit friends on our final leg through Europe. In total, we traveled through 20 countries. It showed me that the world is smaller and more connected than we imagine, but also full of wonderful diversity. The ancient traders of the Silk Road knew this, a route we loosely followed. It would be possible to do this journey in less than 3 weeks if your logistics were seamless and you did some long, hard days of travel, but we took months to make the most of it. After our time in Nepal we explored the mountains of the Hindu Kush, Pamirs and Caucasus. It remains one of the most epic journeys I’ve taken, and led to opportunities I’d never have had if I’d not put this one crazy idea into action. Top tips for using public transport to travel to the mountains It’s easier than you think to travel by public transport. Sometimes I find it much more difficult in the UK than in out-of-the-way places. Allow more time (but if getting to airports, traffic jams, security etc. is taken into account, it may not be as long as you think) and prepare by bringing your own entertainment. Embrace the adventure. Relax and enjoy the journey. Watch the world go by or strike up conversations with people you meet along the way. Don’t have time to travel overland both ways? Do it one way and take a single flight; you’ve just halved your flight emissions of a return flight by doing this. Feeling inspired? This article was brought to you by #TeamMontane alpinist and mountaineer Rebecca Coles, who is also a mountain guide. Find out more about Rebecca on her dedicated website, or hear more from her on our Montane podcast. At Montane, we are passionate about exploring mountains responsibly. In addition to Rebecca’s ideas featured above, there are several other means of public transport you could look into to help you access the mountains more sustainably. This includes the Caledonian Sleeper Train from London to Scotland, The Man in Seat Sixty One is also a really helpful resource to help you plan journeys by train further afield Share on You may also like Discover more stories Stay up to date with our latest adventures Be the first to know about new stories, offers and product launches from Montane. 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DO WE CHERISH OUR LEISURE TIME OR ARE WE TOO OVERKORKED ? ALEX FUINOS

The way we view free time is making us less happy 16 September 2021 By Aysha Imtiaz, Features correspondent Share Getty Bored woman on beachGetty (Credit: Getty) Some people try to make every hour of leisure perfect, while others hate taking time off altogether. Have we forgotten how to enjoy free time? Leisure is the prize, right? We work hard, so we want to play hard; we look forward to our time off, believing that the more leisure time we have, the better life will be. Enjoying that time – or savouring that coveted end goal – should come naturally. However, research shows that both having and deciding how to spend leisure time can be very stressful. Some people feel enormous pressure to maximise their downtime with the best choices: researching more, anticipating and spending more money. But, as data prove, this pressure to maximise our fun might get in the way of our enjoyment of leisure itself. Additionally, some people struggle to view leisure as worthwhile at all. These individuals – often in high-stress, high-paying jobs – prioritise productivity to the extent that they can’t enjoy time off, often to the detriment of their mental health. However different their problems with leisure, both groups struggle with enjoying time off for the same reason: the way we perceive and value leisure has changed, problematically. Understanding this evolution, and finding ways to change our attitudes, could be beneficial for everyone – and help people to start enjoying themselves again. The changing concept of leisure “Leisure has dramatically evolved over the centuries and across cultures,” says Brad Aeon, assistant professor at the School of Management Sciences at the University of Québec in Montréal. “One thing that’s consistent about leisure, however, is that it has always been contrasted with work.” Two-thousand years ago, concepts of work and leisure were associated with servitude and freedom, respectively. In Ancient Greece, explains Aeon, most of the labour was outsourced to slaves, while wealthier parts of society pursued other activities. “Leisure was an active state of mind. Good leisure meant playing sports, learning music theory, debating qualified peers and doing philosophy. Leisure was not easy, but it was supposed to be gratifying.” Today we’re seeing yet another transition: a lack of leisure time now operates as a powerful status symbol Aeon believes that a shift occurred when the Romans started viewing leisure as a way of recuperating in preparation for more work, a transition that accelerated significantly during the Industrial Revolution. By the 1800s, the kind of leisure that signified status had shifted, too; the wealthy led overtly idle lives. A popular example is philosopher Walter Benjamin’s description of the fashion, around 1893, to walk through arcades with a turtle on a leash. Anat Keinan, associate professor of marketing at Boston University’s Questrom School of Business, has conducted extensive research on the symbolic value of time. She explains today we’re seeing yet another transition: a lack of leisure time now operates as a powerful status symbol. “On Twitter, celebrities ‘humblebrag’ about ‘having no life’ and ‘being in desperate need of a vacation’,” she points out. In the workplace, being part of the long-hours working culture is still seen by many as a badge of honour. In fact, those with the most money to spend on leisure are most likely also putting in the longest hours. “Highly educated people (think surgeons, lawyers, CEOs) often go for well-paid jobs that require highly productive candidates willing to work long hours,” explains Aeon. “This means that those who complain the most about not having enough free time are wealthy and educated.” That fuels the idea that we must maximise leisure’s ‘hedonic utility’, or enjoyment value, when we actually do get some time off – and make every hour count. The leisure maximisers Economists call the idea that we must maximise our time off the intensification of the value of our leisure time. In his book, Spending time: The Most Valuable Resource, US economist Daniel Hamermesh explains that “our ability to purchase and enjoy goods and services has risen much more rapidly than the amount of time available for us to enjoy them”. This pressure manifests in our decisions. “We feel like we want to have the best bang for our buck and minutes,” explains Aeon, “So we invest more money in leisure. Better hotels, better movie experiences – like IMAX or Netflix in 4K – better everything.” Getty For some people, leisure has come to represent collectible experiences that convey status, often on social media (Credit: Getty)Getty For some people, leisure has come to represent collectible experiences that convey status, often on social media (Credit: Getty) All this can lead to hours poring over reviews diligently planning leisure activities. That might not necessarily be a bad thing, researchers have found, as pre-trip anticipation greatly accounts for vacationers' happiness. But too much anticipation might set us up for a seemingly zero-duration holiday. New research shows that we judge future positive events as both farther away and shorter than negative or neutral ones, leading us to feel like a holiday is over as soon as it begins. Equally, the way we chase top-notch leisure experiences has made recreation more stressful than ever. High expectations may clash with our experienced reality, making it feel anti-climactic, while trying to concoct the best vacation or leisure experience ever can fuel performativity. In her 2011 research paper, Keinan first posited that some consumers work to acquire collectable experiences that are unusual, novel or extreme because it helps us reframe our leisure as being productive. By working through our experiential checklist instead of seeking simply to enjoy the moment, she writes, we build our “experiential CV”. And just like a traditional resume, where we show off our best selves, this experiential CV can become a breeding ground for competition. Keinan believes social media exacerbates our focus on productive leisure. Referencing a 2021 research paper, she suggests people are pivoting to signal their status and accomplishments in alternative domains – in this case, the use of their free time. “Users post carefully curated slide shows of themselves crossing marathon finish lines and climbing Machu Picchu. Conspicuous consumption used to be a wayfor people to display their money through scarce luxury goods. Now, they flaunt how they spend their valuable time only on activities that are truly meaningful, productive or spectacular,” she says. The people who hate leisure Some struggle to enjoy leisure at all. Some try to ‘hack’ leisure by applying productivity techniques, says Aeon, like listening to a podcast while jogging or watching Netflix shows at twice the regular speed. Others may not truly take time off at all. For example, only 14% of Americans take two weeks' vacation in a row, a finding in keeping with the overwork culture. The same study reports that as of 2017, 54% of American workers didn’t use up their vacation time, leaving 662 million days reserved for leisure unused. Part of the problem, new research shows, is how comprehensively we internalise the message that leisure is wasteful. Selin A Malkoc, associate professor of marketing at the Fisher College of Business at The Ohio State University and co-author of the study, says certain people perceive leisure as lacking value, even when it doesn’t interfere with their pursuit of goals. These negative beliefs about leisure are associated with lower reported happiness and greater reported depression, anxiety and stress. Certain people perceive leisure as lacking value, even when it doesn’t interfere with their pursuit of goals Malkoc describes two types of leisure: ‘terminal leisure’, where the activity and the goal are ‘fused’ together, like attending a Halloween party just for fun, is immediately rewarding and an end goal in itself; and ‘instrumental leisure’, like taking a child trick-or-treating and thereby ‘checking off’ parental duties, which is a means to an end and feeds a long-term goal. The ability to enjoy terminal leisure is a stronger predictor of wellbeing than enjoyment of instrumental leisure, the study showed. In one of the study’s experiments, Malkoc and her co-authors wanted to see if they could manipulate participants’ beliefs about leisure and get them to enjoy it more. Each group was presented with a different version of an article that framed their understanding of leisure, either as wasteful in terms of goal-achievement, unproductive or as a productive way of managing stress. Participants were then asked to evaluate how well-written the article was. But researchers were more interested in what came afterwards. They offered participants a break and gave them a funny cat video to watch to see how much they enjoyed it. Unfortunately, priming our beliefs about leisure only works in one direction, the researchers found – the wrong one. Those who read the articles framing leisure as wasteful enjoyed the experience 11% to 14% less than the baseline (the control group, who read about coffee makers), while those cued to believe it is productive did not experience bolstered enjoyment levels. In other words, trying to prime participants’ receptivity towards enjoying leisure more was about as effective as having them read about coffee, suggesting that our attitudes are deeply entrenched. It’s a sobering finding. “We had this group of undergraduate students in the lab doing a series of mostly mind-numbingly boring studies – there’s nothing enjoyable about it,” says Malkoc, “And then, we offer them a mental break to watch a fun video. The fact that even though they couldn’t use those brief moments for something better, they still couldn’t enjoy themselves... attests to the strength of their belief.” Getty The view that leisure is wasteful can be deeply entrenched – meaning some people really struggle to enjoy time off (Credit: Getty)Getty The view that leisure is wasteful can be deeply entrenched – meaning some people really struggle to enjoy time off (Credit:

HOW MANY FORMS OF GOVERNMENTS EXIST ?

Reading from Democracy & Government What Kinds of Governments Exist? And what do we learn by categorizing them? Last Updated May 02, 2023 The U.S. Capitol Building in Washington D.C. at dusk. The U.S. Capitol Building in Washington, DC at dusk. Source: Stephen Emlund/Reuters Share One of the world’s earliest known works of literature is a poem about a king named Gilgamesh, who ruled a civilization in ancient Mesopotamia. King Gilgamesh oppressed his people, and in turn, they appealed to the gods for help. He was supposed to be their “shepherd” and “protector,” but they claimed he was falling short. Almost four thousand years later, all governments continue to share the same basic traits: they aim to lead and protect their people. But identifying what, exactly, they are protecting their people from is where the differences start to emerge. Do they consider foreign invasion or internal violence to be the bigger threat? Are they more interested in eliminating poverty, creating safeguards against state oppression, or merely holding on to power? How governments interpret, prioritize, and grapple with pillars of modern society—for instance, security, freedom, and prosperity—determines the kinds of policies they enact. Those simple-sounding ideals belie big concepts; terms like prosperity mean different things to different governments. Some define prosperity as creating conditions where individuals are free to maximize profits; however, that scenario can result in a less equal society. Others understand a society to be prosperous when every person is entitled to a certain share of resources—such as wages, health care, or shelter. In that version, inequality is tightly controlled. However, some citizens can decry the lack of individual freedom. Those various priorities manifest in different kinds of governments. By thinking about how we categorize those governments, we can better understand what kind of society they aim to govern. Because governments are multidimensional, it’s useful to ask a series of questions. Who leads the government? King Gilgamesh was accountable to no one but the gods. Other leaders answer to the entire citizenry. This accountability exists in the form of regularly scheduled democratic elections. Those types of votes happen in democracies, in which citizens determine who will govern them. At its core, democracy simply means that the people make decisions, often through representatives whom they elect. Democratic governments create laws and institutions to protect people's ability to express their will: they guarantee free and fair elections, free speech, and the right to assemble and protest. Certain measures ensure power remains dispersed. Democracies typically feature checks and balances among multiple branches of government and a free press. Most democracies are also associated with political equality with each citizen entitled to one vote. This is known as universal suffrage. In authoritarian governments, meanwhile, power is concentrated in the hands of the few—often one political party or even a single leader (this is known as an autocracy). Authoritarians go by many names: monarch, dictator, and even prime minister or president. What distinguishes those governments are not titles but practices. Graphic using icons to compare authoritarian governments to democracy governments. For more info contact us at world101@cfr.org. Share An authoritarian government is interested, above all else, in preserving its power. Because civil disorder can lead to revolt, such governments tend to emphasize order. Individual freedoms such as free speech (including protests) and the right to privacy are often curtailed in the process. Authoritarian governments entertain few or no checks from elsewhere in government. Leaders are not constrained by a legislature, the court system, the media, or civil society (organizations and businesses outside government). Those practices play out in authoritarian governments around the world. The Chinese government violently suppressed the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests because it believed they endangered Chinese Communist Party rule. In 2020, China passed a law restricting protests in Hong Kong. Couched in the language of security and stability, the law likens some forms of protest to terrorism. The government also monitors online activity, censoring any mention of the Tiananmen massacre. China also has an extensive track record of removing online content deemed too critical of the government. Authoritarian countries like China often defend their form of government by arguing that they can efficiently provide sustained economic growth. They suggest that democratic governments can guarantee certain freedoms but struggle to pass laws and promote economic growth due to political gridlock. Although authoritarian governments can generally enact economic policies more easily than democracies, their lack of political accountability can slow their ability to correct failing and harmful policies. China, for example, took over three decades to end its highly criticized one-child policy. Democracies, meanwhile, are often self-correcting and tend to move away more easily from misguided or unpopular policies. Many democracies like the United States have also created unprecedented economic growth. What is the relationship between the government and the economy? Some people believe a prosperous country is one in which everyone shares in the benefits. Others believe the government’s responsibility is to leave each individual to pursue maximum prosperity—even if that means some are left behind. An economy in which the government makes all economic decisions owns the largest companies and allocates the country’s resources would be at one end of the spectrum, one in which the government stays out of the economy entirely and leaves everything to the private sector would be at the other end. The first can be considered a communist system (though that label also carries political, not just economic, implications). The latter is a capitalist system. Graphic highlighting how there are only five communist countries left: China, Cuba, Laos, North Korea, and Vietnam. For more info contact us at world101@cfr.org. Source: CIA World Factbook; Reuters. Share In a communist system, the government exerts maximum control. Private property is eliminated in favor of equal public ownership of the means of production (such as factories), natural resources, and more. In a purely capitalist system, private citizens—not the government—control production. This means that individual citizens own businesses, factories, and farmland for agriculture. They trade in a largely unregulated economy in which market forces—the laws of supply and demand—rather than the government set prices. Socialist systems fall somewhere between these two poles, but they can be notoriously difficult to define. Many socialist systems have public control of production and extensive government welfare programs. However, such public control often exists alongside elements of a free market, including ownership of private property. Put simply, those systems envision different kinds of societies based on who controls production—businesses, factories, and agriculture—and property. Governments that lean toward more control tend to emphasize equality. Maybe they guarantee everyone a job, set salary caps for the highest earners, or ensure a minimum wage for all workers. Governments that leave more economic decisions to citizens emphasize freedom, imposing few restrictions on how much (or little) money people make and how they make it. In reality, most governments fall somewhere within that range rather than at either pole. None is purely capitalist; even minimally, all governments are involved in economic decisions. That involvement can take the form of providing unemployment insurance. Government intervention also occurs when regulating competition (such as with antitrust laws) to ensure no single company can establish a monopoly. The United States, for example, is considered a capitalist country, but the government is responsible for constructing roads and other infrastructure that allow businesses to function. The U.S. government also designs regulations to create safe workplaces. Similarly, few governments are fully communist. China features an economic model that blends private entrepreneurship with government influence over many industries. Cuba, another famously communist country, relies on foreign investment from capitalist countries to sustain its economy. In 2019, the Cuban government reformed its constitution to legalize private businesses. What is a government’s political ideology? Political ideology is another way of characterizing how a government views its role in society. Left-wing, also known as liberal, governments work toward achieving social equality. They view the government’s role to be providing more people with prosperity (whether that means more money, protections, or opportunities) to make society more equal. Many such governments today support strong social safety nets. These programs, including government-provided health care and unemployment insurance, exist to protect society’s most vulnerable citizens. In theory, left-wing governments support large and often rapid changes to society. However, such an approach rarely plays out in reality. Right-wing or conservative governments prioritize individual freedom over government intervention in society. For example, they tend to believe that a free market is critical to economic efficiency. Conservatives believe that excessive government regulation can stifle innovation and competitiveness. These governments focus on identifying and preserving things that are good about the present society. In turn, they often support smaller and more incremental changes rather than aggressive policies that could upend systems and invite unrest. But once again, the real world is complex. Many right-wing governments—such as those run by Nicolás Maduro in Venezuela and Viktor Orbán in Hungary— have supported sweeping changes to society. Those terms—left wing and right wing—date back to the French Revolution, when defenders of the monarchy sat to the right of the king and the radicals to the left. Back then, those on the left tended to favor change, and the right believed in preserving the status quo—or, indeed, returning to a previous political era. Chart comparing the ideologies of countries political parties on a left/right scale. Of the countries compared, South Africa and Japan have relatively left-leaning parties, while U.S. and Hungary are rightwing. For more info contact us at world101@cfr.org Source: Manifesto Project. Share While political ideologies describe the way governments think about their role in society, political parties are institutions—groups of people in a country that seek to advance certain social, economic, and foreign policy goals. In the United States, the Democratic Party is generally associated with left-wing positions and the Republican Party with right-wing ones. But left wing and right wing are relative terms and mean different things in different places (and, indeed, have meant different things at different times). Although the Democratic Party is the United States’ more liberal party, its positions have traditionally been more conservative when compared to liberal parties in Europe and Latin America. Liberal leaders on those continents tend to advocate for greater government involvement to achieve social equality than their American counterparts. Governments are dynamic Governments are complex and can be described in several dimensions. Describing a country as just “democratic” or “socialist” doesn’t tell the full story. Norway, for example, is a democracy falling somewhere between capitalism and socialism. And China, often described as an authoritarian government, implements a version of capitalism. Those aren’t contradictions: governments perform various roles and are not all neatly packaged the same way. Understanding the choices governments make—how they structure their leadership, interact with the economy, and prioritize different social goals—is essential, as those decisions shape the lives of everyday citizens. Learn More Reading What Is the National Security Council? Learn how the president’s advisors protect U.S. national security and help with foreign policy decision-making and coordination across the executive branch. Reading Politics: Europe Europe’s claims on liberal, democratic traditions date back centuries. Interactive Convene the Council This free online game prompts students to make decisions about foreign policy challenges faced by the leaders of fictional countries. ©2024 Council on Foreign Relations. All rights reserved. Privacy Policy and Terms of Use. Social Footer

THE MIND ANDSHRINKS

Many mental-health conditions have bodily triggers Psychiatrists are at long last starting to connect the dots Two back to back woodcut illustrations of a person's side profile with red circles overlayed Illustration: The Economist/Getty Images Apr 24th 2024 THE TICS started when Jessica Huitson was only 12 years old. Over time her condition worsened until she was having whole-body fits and being rushed to hospital. But her local hospital, in Durham, England, was dismissive, suggesting she had anxiety, a mental-health condition, and that she was probably spending too much time watching videos on TikTok. Her mother describes the experience as “belittling”. In fact, Jessica had an autoimmune condition brought on by a bacterial infection with Streptococcus. The condition is known as Paediatric Autoimmune-Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcus (PANDAS). When the infection was identified and treated, her symptoms finally began to improve. Ms Huitson is not alone in having a dysfunction in the brain mistaken for one in the mind. Evidence is accumulating that an array of infections can, in some cases, trigger conditions such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, tics, anxiety, depression and even psychosis. And infections are one small piece of the puzzle. It is increasingly clear that inflammatory disorders and metabolic conditions can also have sizeable effects on mental health, though psychiatrists rarely look for them. All this is symptomatic of large problems in psychiatry. Already have an account?Log in

Alternative Forms of Energy PROF ANA LOVATO CEI

wE always inist on the fact that fossile fuels are bad for our planet earth We have been depending on them for may decades, even centuires and fossile fuels have damaged the environment . We have been oil dependant , which is responsible for polluting the earth, waters and all things that have to do with our daily lives Here we are inviting you to read about alternative forms of energy which are not harmful for our planet earth Read about these options from the link below and be prepared to speak about these forms of energy, their pros , their cons and their availability in your own country https://impact.economist.com/sustainability/net-zero-and-energy/green-energy-which-sources-are-the-most-sustainable-or-the-economist?ppccampaignID=&ppcadID=&ppcgclID=&utm_medium=cpc.adword.pd&utm_source=google&ppccampaignID=19495686130&ppcadID=&utm_campaign=a.22brand_pmax&utm_content=conversion.direct-response.anonymous&gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjww_iwBhApEiwAuG6ccE0iZ9hjAV9ZdvsQGTy7ZstvWQwP-ydq6GpepzhTXHA6RBXxxEVv0xoCaGoQAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds Writea list of words or phrases that have to do with each form of energy OLook up the words in your LDOCE. Discuss in yourMEET class PROF ANA LOVATO CEI

ARE YOU PLANNING TO TAKE THE CEI S B2 EXAM AT BRITISH COUNCIL 2024?

We recommend this link to students who are finishing their B2 PART 2 course at CEI in 2024 This is for self reading and self correction . the book includes the keys so you can correct yourselves and if you go wrong, you may ask your tutors to explain in your meet classes . just let them know about your difficulties you must be ready to share your screen with your teacher and your mates in your meet classes . https://www.cambridgeenglish.org/images/167791-b2-first-handbook.pdf

EXAMPLES OF WRITING STYLES FOR B2 , C1 AND IELTS

BELOW WE HAVE INCLUDED A LINK FOR YOU TO READ ABOUT THE DIFFERENT WRITINGS THAT YOU MAY CHOOSZE WHEN YOU ARE DOING YOUR PAPER 2 OF YOUR B2 LEVEL THEY CAN ALSO APPEAR AT IELTS LEVEL https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/skills/writing/b2-writing/blog-x-games

BIRDS : CAN THEY BE AFFECTED BY CLIMATE CHANGE ?

THIS IS AN ARTICLE THAT I FOUND ABOUT BIRDS IT IS NOT COMPLETE BUT I SUGGEST DISCUSSING WHAT THE FIRST PARAGRAPHS SAYS ANALIA FLASINO How some birds are responding to climate change By laying a second clutch of eggs Do this all over again? Apr 11th 2019 Share One of the great concerns that ornithologists have is that climate change will throw the nesting activities of birds out of sync with the availability of food for the raising of chicks. For one species, the pied flycatcher, a new study shows that some of its clan are proving to be remarkably adaptable. Upon returning to Europe from their African wintering grounds, the flycatchers time their egg-laying to the short period when juicy caterpillars are most abundant. During the past three decades this caterpillar peak has advanced by three weeks. Pied flycatchers initially had difficulty adjusting, but over time have started laying their eggs earlier to grab the caterpillars. Some, though, are doing a lot more to improve their reproductive chances of success, according to a study in the Journal of Avian Biology led by Christiaan Both of the University of Groningen, in the Netherlands.

PREPOSTIONS FOR NOOBS

DEAR STUDENTS : Very often we as teachers at CEI are asked this question by our young trainees: ( sometimes not so young ) HOW DO I KNOW WHICH PREPOSITION TO USE , IN OR AT ? HOW DO I GO ABOUT PREPOSITIONS ? I OFTEN MAKE MISTAKES . I NEVER KNOW WHICH I SHOULD USE .... SOME WORDS ABOUT PREPOSTIONS THAT GOOGLE MAY NOT SAY : PREPOSTIONS , as their prefix indicates, PRECEDE NOUN PHRASES THERE IS A RAT IN THE CELLAR CELLAR IS A NOUN IT IS PRECEDED BY IN AND THE CELLAR NEEDS AN ARTICLE THE AND THE CELLAR FORM A NOUN PHRASE BECAUSE THIS IS MADE UP OF TWO WORDS THE AND CELLAR THE NOUN PHRASE IS PRECEDED BY THE PREPOSTION IN WHAT DOES THIS INDICATE ? PLACE The place is the cellar that phrase must be preceded by IN because you are indicating the PLACE It s not the same as There is a rat in the street You wouldn t be so worried, would you ? BOTH IN THE STREET AND IN THE CELLAR are preceded by IN THIS IS THE PLACE OR THESE ARE THE PLACES THE WORD PREPOSITION , WE SAID IS PRECEDED BY PRE WHICH ANTICIPATES THE NOUN PHRASE THEN YOU HAVE THE WORD POSTION POSTION WHAT DO YOU ASSOCIATE IT WITH? POSTION IS PLACE There are other PREPOSTIONS that indicate PLACE

ON, AT, BEHIND, BELOW, ABOVE, OVER, ACROSS, OUT OF, INTO, UNDER

These are PLACES EXAMPLES THE BOAT IS PASSING UNDER THE BRIDGE THE PLANES ARE FLYING OVER THE CITY THE STUDENTS ARE PLAYING IN THE PATIO THE LADY IS SITTING ON THE CHAIR THERE IS A MC DONNAL DS STORE IN FRONT OF MY HOUSE / NEXT TO MY HOUSE/ BESIDE MY HOUSE THE THIEF WAS ARRRESTED AND STOOD BETWEEN THE TWO POLICEMEN ARGENTINA IS BETWEEN CHILE AND URUGUAY THE PANAMA CANAL IS BETWEEN TWO OCEANS THE ATLANTIC AND THE PACIFIC THE MONEY WAS IN THE MAN S SAFE AND ITS KEYS WERE IN HIS POSSESSION (POCKET MY LOVER CAME INTO MY ROOM AND I WAS VERY HAPPY!! THE BOY WAS STANDING ON THE PAVEMENT WAITING FOR THE BUS THERE WAS A LOT OF DUST ON AND UNDER THE DESK . THE PLACE WAS VERY DIRTY THERE WAS A PAINTING ABOVE THE WINDOW ( ON THE WALL) THERE IS SOME WATER IN THE GLASS AND A PILL ON THE TABLE BESIDE IT . SHE S GOING TO TAKE HER PILL . THE MAN WALKED ACROSS THE STREET TO MEET HIS LOVER WHO WAS ON THE OPPOSITE PAVEMENT ( SIDEWALK) tHE FISH ARE IN THE RIVER THE FISHES THAT THE FISHERMAN HAS CAUGHT ARE OUT OF THE RIVER NOW THEY ARE ON HIS TABLE HE IS GOPING TO COOK THEM IN THE EXAMPLES ABOVE , NO OTHER PREPOSITION COULD BE POSSIBLE YOUR TURN NOW TASK WRITE SIMILAR SENTENCES TO ILLUSTRATE THE PREPOSITIONS MENTIONED READ THEM ALOUD IN YOUR GRAMMAR CLINIC CLA

The Hard SELL - Marina Bruera

What is an example of a hard sell? A hard sell technique used to sell a car, for example, might focus on the limited availability of the particular model, how other people are waiting to purchase the vehicle, and how prices might increase if the consumer walks off the lot. A hard sell is a sales strategy that is direct and pushy. It is designed to get a consumer to purchase a good or service immediately without time to contemplate. Hard sell tactics have a negative connotation and are considered unscrupulous. A hard sell stands in contrast to a soft sell that is gentle and low-pressure. he hard sell is a way of trying to get someone to buy or do something by being very forceful: When I told him I didn't think the car was right for me, he tried the hard sell on me. his tax increase is going to be a hard sell to voters. connected with advertising A good example of a hard sell is the sales technique used in “infomercials” – typically half-hour presentations of a product on television. Infomercials are typically packed with reasons to buy the offered product, and often get the reasons backed up by the testimony of an expert.

selling how do manufacturers and sales people let their customer

selling is what makes societies grow and expand . It is what almost everyone of us does , in one form or another Some sell manufactured goods orproducts, others sell services , and last but not least some sell their knowledge or prestige . At the other end, consumers feel attracted by the products, knowledge or prestige and try to achieve their goasl: buying them We can t escape buying and selling .

THE POWER OF ADVERTISING

What is the power of advertising on consumer behavior? Creating awareness: Advertising can make people aware of a product, service, or idea they may not have known about before. This awareness can influence their decision-making and potentially change their behavior. Shaping attitudes: Advertising can shape people's attitudes towards a product, service, or idea.13 mar 2023 We as consumer choose brands over other brands Do we know why ? Do we know how we are influenced ? ADVERTISING is responsible for us knowing what to buy. And we are influenced by it even though we may not either perceive this or even admit it . We don t choose ramdomly. First we look at the ad or commercial showing or extolling the virtues of the product and if we believe the add we then are closer to buying the product . Price isnot always a determinant or exclusive factor on our decisions Sometimes we cqn t qafford a product but some people would make an effort and wait until they haqve been able to put by the money needed for that product and would rather not buy a cheaper one .instead Sometimes we must decide on price, as we need the product and would not be prepared to wait until we have saved enough. Wheredo you belong in the above?

TOPIC TRAVELLING

https://mountainhouse.com/blogs/camping/camping-for-beginners?gad_source=2&gclid=Cj0KCQjw-r-vBhC-ARIsAGgUO2C0qqSVcmNaIzfoYWwANRyYLAZF1N90kiad0GET68uHHN0gPa8t7wUaAtYCEALw_wcB

THE STATE AND THE INDIVIDUAL

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF THE STATE OVER ITS CITIZENS ? MUST IT BE SOLELY A PROVIDER ? wHAT ARE THE CITIZEN S RESPONBILITIES , IF ANY ? READ THE TEXT BELOW AND DISCUSS THESE QUESTIONS IN OUR MEET CLASSES THESE ARTICLES ARE FOR INTERPRETTERS CUPEI S STS ADVANCED LANGUAGE SEMINARS he State and the Individual Download PDF News Published: 17 August 1871 The State and the Individual Nature volume 4, pages301–302 (1871)Cite this article 8630 Accesses Metricsdetails Abstract TWO opposite views may be held as to the relation which ought to subsist between the Individual and the governing power of the State—views which, in their extreme form, may be expressed thus—the Paternal, in which the State does everything for the Individual, and the Independent, in which he is left to shift for himself in every respect, except protection from actual aggression by foreign or domestic foes. On the one hand, we are told that it is the duty of the State to have a paternal care over the morals and the welfare of its citizens; on the other hand, that the province of the Government is simply the protection of his person and his goods. To a certain extent both views are correct. The true function of the Executive Government may be laid down as the protection of the individual citizen, and of everything that belongs to him, against adverse influences that are not under his own control. A man's morals are his own concern, and the law has no right to interfere with them or to regulate them, any more than it has to interfere with his religion, provided that in carrying out his views of morality he in no way interferes with his neighbour's welfare or comfort. Then at once the injured party has the right of appeal to the assistance of the law to check his neighbour's aggressive morality or immorality. Article PDF

FOR OUR LAW STS A PUBLIC TRANSLATION MUST READ AND DISCUSS

Relationship between State and Individual Responsibility Info: 5167 words (21 pages) Essay Published: 26th Aug 2021 Reference this Jurisdiction / Tag(s): International Law The paper seeks to throw light on the concept of state responsibility under public international law. It deals with the elements of state responsibility, the elements of international responsibility and the relationship between the state and individual responsibility under international law. It also explains the distinction between the commission and the failure to prevent or punish. Introduction The law of State responsibility is the chapter of international law that concerns the breach by a State of one or more of its international obligations. In international law, responsibility is the corollary of obligation; every breach by a subject of international law of its international obligations entails its international responsibility. The law of State responsibility defines when an international obligation is to be held to have been breached, as well as the consequences of that breach, including which States are entitled to react, and the permissible means of that reaction. Unlike national laws, wherein different rules often apply according to the source of the obligation breached (e.g., contract law, tort law, criminal law), international law does not concern itself with the source of the obligation that is breached; in principle (and unless otherwise specifically provided) the same rules apply to the breach of an obligation whether the source of the obligation is a treaty, customary international law, a unilateral declaration, or the judgment of an international court. In August 2001 the International Law Commission [1] completed its Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARSIWA), a project on which it had been working for more than forty years. The aim of the articles is to codify the generally applicable rules of State responsibility. It should be noted that the ARSIWA are envisaged as laying down general rules that apply in default of any more specific rule applicable to the obligation in question. In some cases, special rules may apply to an obligation (either as a result of the formulation of the rule itself, or because the obligation in question forms part of a special regime); for instance, it is possible that a particular obligation may be subject to a special rule requiring fault or damage before there is held to be a breach, or it may be that the category of States entitled to react is wider than the default position under the ARSIWA. This is the principle of lex specialis (to the extent that special rules are applicable and inconsistent with the rules contained in the ARSIWA, the special rules will prevail and displace the more general rules). The Elements of State Responsibility The starting point of the articles is that “every internationally wrongful act of a State entails the international responsibility of that State” [2] . The act or omission of a State will qualify as an “internationally wrongful act” if two conditions are met. First, the act or omission must constitute a breach of an international obligation, or, as the articles put it, must be “not in conformity with what is required” by the international obligation [3] . This implies that the obligation in question must be binding on the State at the time of the conduct, which is said to constitute a breach. Second, the act or omission must be “attributable” to the State. The general rule is that a State is not responsible for the acts of private individuals. The State is of course an abstract entity, unable to accomplish any physical act itself. Just as in domestic law corporations act through their officers and agents, so in international law the State normally acts through its organs and officials. The first, and clearest, case of attribution is that of the organs of the State (e.g., police officers, the army) whose acts are attributable to the State even in instances where they contravene their instructions, or exceed their authority as a matter of national law [4] . No distinction is made based on the level of the particular organ in the organizational hierarchy of the State; State responsibility can arise from the actions of a local policeman, just as it can from the actions of the highest officials, for instance a head of state or a foreign minister. Nor is any distinction made upon the basis of the separation of powers; State responsibility may arise from acts or omissions of the legislature and the judiciary, although by the nature of things it is more common that an internationally wrongful act is the consequence of an act or acts of the executive. Second, the rules of attribution cover situations in which individuals, not otherwise State organs, are exercising “elements of governmental authority” at the time that they act [5] . Third, acts of private individuals are attributable to the State if those individuals are acting on the instructions of the State, or under its effective direction or control [6] . Fourth, in exceptional circumstances in which there is an absence or default of governmental authority, the acts of private individuals may be attributable to the State if those individuals, in effect, step into the breach and perform necessary governmental functions [7] . With regard to certain obligations, a State may incur responsibility even though actions have been carried out by private individuals, because the essence of the obligation was to ensure that a given result occurred. For instance, if a foreign embassy is overrun by a mob, or harm is done to diplomatic staff by private individuals, as occurred with the U.S. embassy in Tehran during the Iranian revolution of 1979 to 1980, a State may incur responsibility, even if those individuals act on their own initiative. Equally, under Article V of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, the obligation of a State to punish those responsible for genocide earlier on related to genocide may be breached in instances in which a State fails to punish any person responsible for the genocide, “whether they are constitutionally responsible rulers, public officials, or private individuals.” There is probably a similar rule in general international law in relation to crimes against humanity. In both cases, the basis of responsibility here is not the attribution to the State of the acts of the individuals; it is the failure by the State as an entity to comply with the obligations of prevention and prosecution incumbent on it. A somewhat anomalous instance of attribution is that covered by Article 10. As was noted above, in the normal course of events, a State is not responsible for the acts of private individuals; a fortiori, it is not responsible for the acts of insurrectional movements, because, by definition, an insurrectional group acts in opposition to the established state structures and its organization is distinct from the government of the State to which it is opposed. However, Article 10(1) provides that “the conduct of an insurrectional movement which becomes the new government of a State shall be considered an act of that State under international law.” Article 10(2) provides for a similar rule with respect to an insurrectional movement that succeeds in establishing a new State within the territory of a pre-existing State. The effect of the rule is to attribute retrospectively the conduct of the movement in question to the State. In the case of a successful insurrectional movement, the acts of the movement are attributed to the State as if the movement had been the government at the time of its acts, even though, if the insurrection had failed, no attribution would be possible. In the case of the establishment of a new State, the effect is even more drastic because acts are attributed to the State retrospectively to a time when it did not yet definitively exist. Except in this case, there is no established machinery for attributing collective responsibility (e.g., for war crimes, genocide, or crimes against humanity) to an armed opposition group. In such circumstances individual responsibility is the only possibility at the international level of ensuring a degree of responsibility for criminal acts. Certain circumstances may serve to preclude the wrongfulness of a breach of international law by a State, in much the same way that defenses and excuses work in national criminal law. In international law these are termed “circumstances precluding wrongfulness” [8] . For instance, the consent of the state to which the obligation was owed will prevent the breach being wrongful, as will, under certain restrictively defined conditions, force majeure, distress, and necessity. Finally, a State taking countermeasures (defined as the nonperformance of an obligation in response to a prior wrongful act of another State, in order to induce that State to comply with its obligations) may mean that what would otherwise be a breach of an international obligation is not in fact wrongful. However, quite apart from the strict procedural conditions with which the taking of countermeasures is hedged, it should be noted that certain obligations may not be the object of countermeasures. Among these are the obligation to refrain from the threat or use of force, obligations for the protection of fundamental human rights, obligations of a humanitarian character prohibiting reprisals under peremptory norms of general international law (jus cogens). This last limitation in fact applies generally to circumstances precluding wrongfulness: it is never possible to plead that a breach of a peremptory norm was justified. The Content of International Responsibility Upon the commission of an internationally wrongful act, new legal obligations come into existence for the State responsible for that act. First, that State is under an obligation to make full reparation for the injury caused by the internationally wrongful act. Reparation may take one of three forms: restitution, compensation, or satisfaction (or some combination of them). Traditionally, restitution has played the primary role, although in instances in which restitution is materially impossible, the injured State may have to content itself with compensation or satisfaction. Second, the responsible State is under an obligation to conclude the internationally wrongful act if it is continuing, and in an appropriate case, may be required to make assurances and guarantees of non-repetition. The Articles mark a decisive step away from the traditional bilateralism of international law and toward what has been called “community interest” in the provisions dealing with the States that are entitled to react to the breach of an internationally wrongful act. Traditionally, only the State that was directly injured, or in some way “targeted,” by the breach of an international obligation could demand reparation. In addition, although any state could take unfriendly measures that did not constitute the breach of an international obligation owed to the State at which they were directed (retorsion), the taking of countermeasures was commonly understood as being limited to these “injured States.”