EWASTE AND DIGITAL RESPONSIBILITY by ANA LOVATO

CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES DIGITAL RESPONSIBILITY Taking Control of Your Digital Life TECHNOTRASH EWASTE BUILT IN OBSOLESCENCE The heading DIGITAL RESPONSIBILITY aims to throw light upon some pressing issues that our society is confronted with We all know we have to either study , work or entertain ourselves by using technology We don t seem to be able to do without it Practically most if not all the tasks we embark on daily are geared to be covered by techno expertise So far so good . Machines enable us to do many activities that would otherwise be impossible for any of us to do in such a short time However, machines are not everlasting . They sometimes go wrong and we have to discard them Where do they go ? How do we dispose of them when the hardware is outdated and no longer useful ? TRD ANA LOVATO TASK LOOK UP ARTICLES ON THE ISSUES ABOVE READ AND DISCUSS https://www.digitalresponsibility.org/health-impact-of-technotrash#:~:text=Technotrash%20that%20ends%20up%20in,of%20chemicals%20and%20heavy%20metals.

QUESTION BOX CLINIC OR CLINICAL ?

Our doctor Grace brought up this difference clinic or clinical ? clinic is a noun while clinical is an adjective una clinica de sexologia a sex clinic https://wikidiff.com/clinic/clinical sexologia clinica here the head of the phrase is sexologia , and in E adjectives precede nouns so Clinical sexology would be better What do you think about this post TRANSLATORS YOUR VIEWS ARE WELCOME Traductora MRS ANA LOVATO CEI

how to protect my cell from hackers

https://tech.hindustantimes.com/how-to/here-are-three-easy-ways-to-keep-your-private-whatsapp-chats-secure-71602156812021.html how important is it for you to protect your cell phone how secure is your password have you tried the double authentication on your whatsp how do you use your cell phone ? Do you use it for personal interaction or do you use it for work or study ? What would You do if you lost it or if it was stolen ? Are you afraid of hackers? Do you have your banking information on your cell ? Have you ever found somebody else s phone What did you do ?

PARAPHRASING OH PARAPHRASING !!!

CAN YOU PARA PHRASE ? THIS TIME WE DONT PROVIDE ANY WORD. JUST SAY THE SAME DIFFERENTLY I THINK YOU HAD BETTER SEE A DOCTOR BECAUSE YOU ARE NOT LOOKING WELL. My boyfriend frightened me by coming out of the darkness and jumping on me Unless you buy a working pc , you won t be able to use the internet We set out early in the morning , as my dad prefers driving at sunrise to driving at night 125 thousand people are reported to have died from COVID in Argentina on account of the government s mismanagement of the vaccines No one came to class yesterday This is the first time I have seen a real robot that can walk, talk and shake hands with me !! Do you care for a mint ? I have always been on good terms with my shareholders Huge as the place was, it was possible to visit it in just one day , since the tour guides knew what to show you first Expensive as the necklace was, my uncle bought it and gave it to my aunt . Fewer people came than expected if you want the ansers or our teachers to correct on your sentences, you must leave your comments at FACEBOOK And instagram wE LL SOON SEND YOU A LINK ANA, ADRIAN, PAU, SUZIE, ELLEN AND PAT

COMPLETING CONVERSATIONS ELEMENTARY LEVEL

AT A HOTEL RECEPTIONIST : HULLO, GOOD MORNING MR ..........¿ TOURIST : HULLO GOOD MORNING. MY NAME S RICAARDO ANZUAGA RECEPTIONIST : wHERE ............................? MR ANZUAGA Im from Briloche. Do you have a room for two nights? RECEPTIONIST ,Yes, MR ANZUAGA WE DO. SINGLE OR DOUBLE ? Is it just for one person ? MR ANZUAGA No, It s for me and my son SEBASTIAN .He s 15 years ............. ..................... is it per night ? RECEPTIONIST I t s 8 thousand for two people per night Are you a pensioner ? MR ANZUAQGA Yes, I am . .....there any discount ? RECEPTIONIST Yes, There is a 10% off for pensioners MR ANZUAGA Ok . That s ok MR ANZUAGA Can I pay with my debit card? RECEPTIONIST Yes, of .................. Here s the key to ..................... It s .......... the second floor but you can use the elevator .

LOOK AT MR ANZUAGA S ROOM WHAT DO YOU THINK ? It s big, comfortable , and it is not very expensive Only 8 thousand per day DO YOU LIKE IT ? YES I DO

THE NEWS MADE SIMPLE

AT CEI THE TEACHERS ALWAYS TELL YOU TO READ THE NEWES AS IT IS THE BEST SOURCE OF INFORMATION THAT WILL HELP YOU BUILD UP YOUR LANGUAGE AND DEVELOP YOUR IDEAS THIS LINK IS VERY USEFUL BECAUSE YOU CAN READ THE NEWS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF COMPLEXITY IF YOU HAVE A BASIC LEVEL OR AND ADVANCED ONE, TRY THIS LINK AND YOU WILL LERN A LOT DON T TELL US IN CLASS THAT U DON T KNOW WHAT TO SAY ABOUT A TOPIC . HERE IS THE NEWS https://breakingnewsenglish.com/PASS YOUR COMMENTS IF THIS HAS BEEN USEFUL OR NOT WRITE TO US ON FACEBOOK AND INSTAGRAM

TIME TRAVEL What we should know If you sit in a rocket moving at a speed of 0.86 times the speed of light, you will age slowly—half of the aging rate on earth. However, your rocket needs to have a speed of 2.59 lakh Km per second for this. And our rockets need a minimum speed of just 7.9 Km/s to reach space. And if you’re moving at a speed 99.9999999% of the light, by the time you wake up next morning in your spaceship, more than 100 years would have been passed on earth—all of your friends would marry, grow old and die whereas you will be just one day older than you left. This is based on Einstein’s theory of relativity. Einstein said— “The time on fast-moving objects goes by much more slowly than the objects at rest.” We perceive time according to the speed we are moving When you leave the earth, the speed does change

And the thing is that if you are on fast-moving objects, it’s not just that the only clock will slow down. On the contrary, everything would slow down—including your age and other biological functions. However, your perception of time also would slow down, so you would not experience this slowing down of time. You would not feel like being in slow motion. Many people who misunderstood the relativity concept, try to claim that Einstein might be wrong—such as the “Twin-Paradox” argument. But, Einstein’s concept is practically used in GPS technology. Since the satellites used in GPS moves faster ( At around 29000KM per second), time inside them spends slower than the earth. Each day there is a mismatch of around 38 microseconds. Although this is such a small time, the GPS needs higher accuracy—in nanoseconds. So yeah, this small mismatch of microseconds is 1000 times more than the accuracy required. So clocks are regularly adjusted and this time dilation is actually taken into an account. So if scientists hadn’t adjusted the clocks, the place you’re looking on Google Maps might actually have been a few kilometers away.

what is time ? what a question !

Some time ago, following some exam instructions,my students had to read an article about whether it would ever be possible for man to go back in time . Or perhaps to the future. We read an article proposed by the exam board. However my students were more befuddled after reading than they had been before . As a TEACHER, i FELT i had to write something for them so that it might be a bit easier to write something about this conundrum like topic that sets us all grasping for a defnition that is almost impossible to come by RIGHT OR WRONG ? I told them that in my view one thing is TIME and another one was OUR PERFECPTION of TIME On earth, we are born, grow , get old and finally die . OUR TIME is gone from a physical point of view But when we are buried, our matter gives rise to a new form of life . So has time passed ? Yes, it certainly has, but not for the universe. Time beyond the arth is different from our perception on earth . Somehow we are reborn in a different body: a new plant . And life may continue WHAT IS THE TIME ? a VERY FUNNY ANECDOTE CAME TO MY MIND WHILE i WAS TRYING UNSUCCESSFULLY TO EXPLAIN WHAT TIME WAS TO MY BEFUDDLED TRAINEES tHis is a true story Back in 1979 I had set off from the airport of MANAOS bound for Africa. That was the last time I D looked at my watch . It was 3 pm. The flight over the ocean proved a little difficult for me , as I have always been afraid of the sea Somehow bored and anxious about finally landing somewhere, I decided to ask the flight attendant what time it was . My watch had stopped , as if no time had passed . Puzzled, the flight attendat asked : RIO TIME OR IVORY COAST TIME, MADAM ? Ivory coast was our first reachable destination on the African continent and RIO , which we had left behind sounded possible for the lady to give me some information about my daunting question . I noticed she was short of an answer . I replied : No, Neither of the two I mean now, here . We were neither in RIO, nor were we in IVORY COAST yet . So I repeated my question : WHAT TIME IS IT HERE NOW ? tHOSE TWO SIMPLE WORDS puzzled her even more . She was unable to answer, she said . sHE EYED AT ME , AS IF i HAD put her to a test . Some minutes later, and hearing a buzz of voices behind me who seemed to be discussing my question , i saw her coming up the aisle to my seat . Dutifully she intended to provide me with an answer . I first thought of a number : it is ...... here and now, madam But the point was, that our here and now had already changed . SOME TECHNICAL EXPLANATION ABOUT TIME ZONES AND MEASUREMENTS were on the piece of paper she had brought with her THAT ONLY THE PILOT COULD MAKE WITH HIS SPECIAL CLOCKS . There was no time there . Because the more puzzling question was : Where were we exaCTLY ? TO BEGIN WITH , THE NOW HAD ALREADY CHANGED . NOW WERE IN A DIFFERENT PLACE from where I had brought up my eery question After what sounded like an impossible argumentation on my part she provided some mathematical operations which left me as confused as I had been so far, Have you ever felt this awkward just by asking such a silly question ? Well, I did . The problem was that we were in the middle of the ocean , where only the pilot was able to calculate where we were exaCTLy . My neighbour, who by this time had immersed himself into a phylosophical debate on the question of TIME concluded : " Of course, he asserted , as the earth rotates, it is moving, so we can only know what time it is now in RIO or in IVORY COAST but we don t know what time it is where we are now . Where were we by now exactly? This is a true story . I hope you don t ask the same stupid question I asked while on flight Some time later, although I still didn t know what time it was when I asked my question, , the pilot announced the time it was at IVORY COAST, where we would soon be landing . I felt we were, after all, going back to normal But something had not been as expected while we were crossing some part of our planet From then on, aND Provided I don t have any class appointment with my students I have decided that time is an elusive issue . So, if my husband comes quite late and he fails to give a satisfactory explanation , I have decided it might be wiser to avoid asking When the BRITISH COUNCIL board asks what time is , and whether we could go back to the past or to the future I d tell them I d first like to know what time it was when I asked the question of the flight attendant . She suggested some strange mathematical operation to me . They would tell me what time it was THERE . BUT WHERE , EXACTLY ? To this day , I still don t know . I ve never known and I suspect I nevel will By the way, this stupid question set all pasengers who had heard it talking and busily trying to make those calculations to provide a final answer . We had a lovely conversation and TIME didn t seem to be too long . , PATRICIA GONZALEZ GREY

for our interpreters : GLOBALIZTION WTO AND BRICS

INTERPRETING II ASPECTOS DE LA REALIDAD SOCIAL CONTEMPORANEA SUBJECT GLOSSARY AND TERMINOLOGY PART II Back in your first year of studies, you got started into the equivalence of your target and source languages by analyzing a) GVs ( General Vocabularies , then b) got into FIELD WORD LISTS ( list of vegetables, or trees, or household objects, C) Then you moved on into TOPIC GLOSSARIES Politics, Encomics, Medicine, Alternative Energies, Chemistry , etc ) and now you are entering into d) the world of TERMiNOLOGY Terminology is a world of rigid and precise translations, where memory plays a very important role . No paraphrasing or explanatory translations are possible here . You just have to know that POINT OF AGENDA es ORDEN DEL DIA This is what you will have to say either at UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASEMBLY translating world or at any shareholder s meeting IN ANY COMPANY where you might have to work This stage leaves the word or phrase factor behind, to pass on to a whole jargon or parlance which is displayed by speakers when dealing with a topic Closely associated to COLLOCATIVE USAGE, these phrases which are sometimes made up of syntactically independent sentences, show interpreters how the speakers they are supposed to interpret will talk about a topic of their interest . It is not just words, or short phrases , it is much more than that , It has to do with a specific discourse, usually of formal register that will always appear when speakers refer to these topics . Paying close attention to these set phrases will deal to whole statements and these in turn will reflect the style of the prose or speech under scrutiny. HOW INTERPRETERS MUST WORK ON THIS RECURRENCE OF TERMS The most important task for interpreters is to contrast texts in both languages. You, in regular practice, will be dealing with speeches that reflect regular procedures, and will leave little room for you to have to do new translations. They will become regular practice This will allow them to see how terms or whole statements appear in the target or source language -. At this point, translations should highlight whole ideas, not only focus on words or set phrases only. Look at the text in the opposite language and you will know what you will have to say in the other or source EXAMPLE TASK Read the following text of general interest Pinpoint the set ideas and find out equivalents in the Spanish texts dealing with this topic . THE WORLD IS JUST ONE PLACE EL MUNDO: UN LUGAR UNICO TASK Look up the corresponding translation into Spanish : Globalization is a term used to describe how trade and technology have made the world into a more connected and interdependent place. Globalization also captures in its scope the economic and social changes that have come about as a result. Economies trade their products or produce with as many countries as they can., which leads to growing economies with jobs galore. No country in the world is self-sufficient. No country in the world profits from selling to its own `people only. It is just not worth investing money and effort on self-sufficiency. It is better to provide ourselves with objects that will cost us much less because they have been developed by other countries at a lower cost. In turn, we will sell our partners our goods that will raise the capital for us to buy. Unlike trying to be protectionists, countries should trade (export and import) the products they manufacture as well as those they need. This makes them enter into negotiations to obtain the best working agreements and benefit in the process . Here is where THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION COMES INTO PLAY Si uds observan la imagen, encontrarán la sigla equivalente en Español : If countries are to accord business deals, there better be agreements to abide by among nations so that all negotiations will be profitable for all parties involved THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only international organization dealing with the global rules of trade. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible. Global trade rules Global rules of trade provide assurance and stability. Consumers and producers know they can enjoy secure supplies and greater choice of the finished products, components, raw materials and services they use. Producers and exporters know foreign markets will remain open to them. This leads to a more prosperous, peaceful and accountable economic world. Decisions in the WTO are typically taken by consensus among all members and they are ratified by members’ parliaments. Trade frictions are channelled into the WTO’s dispute settlement process, where the focus is on interpreting agreements and commitments and how to ensure that members’ trade policies conform with them. That way, the risk of disputes spilling over into political or military conflict is reduced. By lowering trade barriers through negotiations among member governments, the WTO’s system also breaks down other barriers between peoples and trading economies. CENTRO ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 2023 PROF PAT GREY PART 2 BRICS B FOR BRAZIL R FOR RUSSIA I FOR INDIA C FOR CHINA S FOR SOUTH AFRICA The BRICS countries: where next and what impact on the global economy? Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, originally an informal group of the leading emerging economies of the early 2000s, have since experienced very different growth paths. Their significance in the global economy at a time of considerable geopolitical uncertainty remains an open question. Over the past two decades, there has been an astonishing restructuring of global economic power. This has been driven primarily by the rise of China and, to a lesser extent, the BRICS countries more broadly – which, in addition to the East Asian giant, encompass Brazil, Russia, India and South Africa. As this group has become increasingly formalized and institutionalized – hosting regular summits and establishing collective bodies – many observers have worried that its growing influence might be accompanied by the normalization of authoritarian forms of ‘state capitalism’, and even the unravelling of the liberal order. Others have taken a more sanguine view, arguing that Eastern forms of state-led development appear superior in many ways to Anglo-American economic and political structures, and this is reconcilable with – and, indeed, depends on – an open global economy. Either way, the concerns of many Western liberals have resurfaced following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Recent news that other mostly non-democratic states – Egypt, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Turkey (and Argentina) – have either applied to join the BRICS, or are considering doing so, is also cause for concern among Western governments. Qué es el grupo BRICS, países miembro y objetivos BRICS es un acrónimo que representa a cinco países, Brasil, Rusia, India, China y Sudáfrica, y se trata de una asociación económica cuyo objetivo es potenciar las posibilidades de cada uno de sus miembros a través de, por ejemplo, la asistencia financiera para determinados tipos de proyectos. Asimismo, en la actualidad, el grupo promueve un modelo de desarrollo con políticas para la erradicación del hambre y la pobreza a escala global para 2030, sustentado en la cooperación Sur-Sur y en la creciente vinculación entre naciones con economías complementarias y con similares objetivos económicos, políticos y sociales. En su conjunto, esta alianza económica representa el 22% de la superficie continental, el 42% de la población mundial, el 24% del PBI mundial y contribuyen con el 16% de las exportaciones y el 15% de las importaciones mundiales de bienes y servicios. Los BRICS constituyen en la actualidad un eje global de dimensiones cada vez más amplias, y cuyos efectos políticos y económicos se harán sentir con mayor fuerza en las próximas décadas, a medida que se consolide una nueva geopolítica multipolar, capaz de balancear el poder aparentemente omnímodo representado hoy por los Estados Unidos. Origen del BRICS A principios del nuevo siglo, el entonces director del grupo inversionista Goldman Sachs, Jim O'Neil argumentó en un ensayo titulado “Building Better Global Economic” que el potencial económico de Brasil, Rusia, India y China era tan grande que en pocas décadas, hacia el 2050, podrían convertirse en las cuatro economías dominantes del mundo. El economista realizó un juego de palabras entre el acrónimo de Brasil, Rusia, India y China, BRIC, y el vocablo inglés brick, que en español significa ladrillo, para referirse a un bloque de países con grandes poblaciones, economías ascendentes, una clase media en proceso de expansión, y un crecimiento superior a la media global y potenciales herederos del poderío económico limitado a los miembros del llamado "G-7" —Estados Unidos, Japón, Alemania, Reino Unido, Francia, Italia y Canadá—. Esta idea fue tomada en cuenta con seriedad recién en 2006, a partir de una serie de encuentros entre los ministros de relaciones exteriores de cada país en las que discutieron sobre enfoques comunes y problemas económicos importantes de la agenda internacional. En diciembre del 2010, los cuatro países acordaron la incorporación de Sudáfrica al mecanismo de los BRIC, así que en la actualidad se emplea BRICS para incluir al país africano. En términos comparativos, y de acuerdo a información del Fondo Monetario Internacional, China es la economía más importante del grupo, representando más del 70% del poder económico colectivo, seguido de India con un 13%, Rusia y Brasil cada uno con aproximadamente el 7%, y finalmente Sudáfrica con un 3%. En el contexto actual, la fortaleza de esta alianza radica especialmente en la sociedad establecida entre China como primera economía comercial a nivel mundial, y Rusia como principal proveedor de energía. En tanto que India es ya una de las principales potencias económicas a partir de la exportación de recursos naturales y cereales, Brasil se consolida a nivel global como uno de los principales actores de la escena agroalimentaria y Sudáfrica se convierte en una nación clave en la provisión de metales y minerales con amplios usos tecnológicos. La importancia de la incorporación de Argentina al BRICS El ingreso de Argentina a los BRICS se sustenta en la capacidad para proveer productos alimenticios como soja y cereales, junto con recursos estratégicos como el gas natural, el gas de esquisto, distintos minerales y, sobre todo, el cada vez más valorado litio. Además, Argentina posee un capital científico plenamente consolidado, entre otros aspectos, con especialización en biotecnología y en tecnología logística aplicada. En estos últimos años, Argentina manifestó en varias oportunidades sus intenciones de sumarse al bloque. Actualmente hay una veintena de naciones de todos los continentes cuyos gobiernos están pidiendo su incorporación. Además de nuestro país, Arabia Saudí, Egipto, Etiopía, Emiratos Árabes Unidos e Irán también ingresarán al bloque. La incorporación del país criollo a los BRICS tendrá lugar en un contexto de progresiva debacle del sistema financiero internacional, que evidencia signos de desgaste y descontrol en torno a la creciente debilidad del dólar, una inflación amenazante y sustentada en la emisión monetaria, y un déficit fiscal que, en 2022, se calcula en más mil billones de dólares, según datos de la Oficina Presupuestaria del Congreso de los Estados Unidos. CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES , 2023

do you ever have an itchy skin? by PROF ANA LOVATO

HOW S YOUR SKIN ? DOES IT EVER ITCH ? 1 things your itchy skin can reveal about your health The possible causes of chronic itch go way beyond dry skin. By Ashley Lewis Intense itchy skin all over the body often occurs in people with late-stage kidney disease or those who suffer from chronic renal failure. In fact, 42 per cent of dialysis patients suffered from moderate to extreme itchiness, according to a study published in Renal Failure. “Some people describe it as a nuisance,” says dermatologist, Dr Anthony M. Rossi. “[The itch] is so intense that people wake up in the middle of the night scratching.” Science has yet to uncover why kidney disease causes itchiness, but doctors suspect it has to do with the build-up of toxins in your body when your kidneys are unable to remove the waste from your bloodstream.

Itchy skin all over could also be a silent sign of liver disease. Where incessant itchiness shows up late-stage in kidney disease, it can be an early symptom of liver disease. “If your liver is not functioning properly to detoxify the body, byproducts like bile acids back up,” says Dr Kathleen Cook Suozzi, assistant professor in the department of dermatology at Yale School of Medicine. “The primary goal is to treat the underlying liver disease and prescribe medications that can eliminate bile acids.” Doctors will typically prescribe medications that can inhibit your body’s uptake of bile acids or help reduce the amount of bile acid returning to the liver. LOOK AT THESE BEGINNINGS AND FINISH THE STATEMENTS ACCORDING TO THE IDEAS IN THE TEXT People with later stge kidney disease ........................................................... According to a study ............................................................................ Described as a nuisance by patients, ..........................................................This itch may be brought about by ............................................................................................. Itchy skin could also be hiding ......................................................v Medications to inhibit the patienmt s uptake of ..................................................

THE CONOMIST VIEWS ON THE THREATS TO OUR ECONOMY

Zanny Minton Beddoes Editor-in-chief The strength of the world economy in 2023 has been a continuing—and continually surprising—source of good news. This time last year most people expected America’s economy to be in recession by now; instead it grew at a barnstorming annualised pace of 4.9% in the third quarter. Across the world, economies have proved surprisingly resilient as central banks have raised interest rates, and inflation has fallen to boot. Unfortunately, as we argue in our cover leader this week, trouble lies ahead. Markets now expect interest rates to stay “higher for longer”, which is going to squeeze companies, households and indebted governments. The new era threatens to pit hawkish central bankers against spendthrift politicians in a tug-of-war over what matters most: keeping inflation down or avoiding painful austerity. We also have a new newsletter, Essential India, launching on November 9th. Delivered every Thursday, this free newsletter will help you understand a vast and complicated country that will increasingly shape the future. You can sign up here.

THE OLYMPICS FAIR OR UNFAIR GAMES? ANALIA FENI

DEAR MATES Some time ago, while I was wondering whether overspending for some countries on these flashes of competiteness was worth it or not , I read this journalist s opinion on QUORA , which I recommend ports Journalist (Soccer, Track, Action Sports) (2011–present)2y Sports are for the most part fair in terms of rules being applied equally in the arena of competition itself. Are the conditions for nations to send athletes to the Olympics “fair”? No, not really, but nothing much can be done about it, either. Larger nations will always have more and more varied viable athletes to pick from and more money and resources to throw at the issue of training and preparing their athletes. When there are nations in Africa where if the president is seriously ill, he’ll be flown to a hospital in Europe because his own nation lacks even basic top-tier medical expertise and in contrast there are other nations like the USA where you can get a sports medicine doctor who mostly focuses on just surfing and skateboarding, then you see how inequality really pans out. Size and GDP will always mean some nations have advantages beyond just the talents of one singular athlete. That’s just how it is, but that makes triumphs of smaller nations all the more compelling, also. WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT HJIS VIEWS?

WHAT IS SOCIAL WORK? WOULD U VOLUNTEER? by C1 STS

What is Social Work? The profession of Social Worker is an odd mixture of many things. It is usually practised by government civil servants in the west (Europe and North America) while many international NGOs have social workers on their staff. The clientele of social work are often called the vulnerable, ie people whose special conditions or circumstances put them in positions of weakness or vulnerability in comparison with the mainstream of a society. Generally they include members of society who need some help. Typically, these include those with physical or mental disabilities, persons who are not able to work for a living or not able to care for themselves. In special cases, these may include battered women (those who have been physically or emotionally assaulted – eg by their spouses –and can not escape dangerous situations on their own), frail elderly persons, children without parents to support them, or who are being mistreated, The tasks of a social worker mainly include administration and counselling, along with a little bit of medical (usually psychological) intervention and advocacy. The social worker provides her or his clients with little bits of wisdom, advice, information, counselling, as needed. Every case is different. The government (or NGO) social worker in a western country (Europe and North America) provides services that are usually provided by elders and family members in other countries. Social work services are too expensive for governments in the least developed countries. The word "social" is a bit misleading because, in the west, where it is mainly practised, the social worker does not work with a whole society, or even with a community or a group in a social context. The social worker usually handles "cases," and a case is usually about an individual or lately increasingly, a family. This is even more ironical because where social work is taught, usually in a university in a department or a school of social administration or social work, often (where they are small) they are attached to sociology departments. Such schools or departments, in turn, are then usually also where community development (like much of the material on this web site) is also taught. Community development, in contrast, is an activity aimed at social institutions, such as communities or groups, rather than at individuals. (See Community).

CAN WE REALLY DISCONNECT FOR VACATION TIME ? by B1 STS

The Importance of Vacation Time Many of us do noto r may not use our vacation time. This seems to happen in the United States more than in the rest of the world, and I’m not sure why, since we get fewer days off than most other countries. For some of us, we just feel too guilty about taking days off. We think our workplace will shut down if we’re not there to work hard. . In any case, think about how many times you’ve heard yourself or one of your colleagues say “I have too much to do and can’t get away” as you bury yourself further into another project. Less than half of America’s workforce use all of their vacation days. I know folks who proudly say “I haven’t used my vacation time in years!” It’s true that many of us may not be able to use the whole two weeks every year. But for some (and you know who you are) shutting down the laptop or Blackberry, leaving the cell on vibrate (or—gasp!—leaving it at home), or letting the paperwork go for a even few days is unthinkable. But for our own physical, mental, and emotional well-being, it’s important to get away for a few days and recharge those batteries. Signs That You Need a Vacation You say you can keep going without any time off? If you regularly put in 10 or 12-hour workdays, it’s going to catch up with you after a while. If you keep up that pace for weeks or months, your body will simply start wearing out. You’ll also have to take a look at the work you’ve been doing in that time—is it really your best effort? Think people won’t notice that you’re starting to get burned out? The next time you’re stuck at the office for what seems like days on end, see how many co-workers, friends, or good old Mom ask you “Are you okay? You look tired”. Or, if you’re starting to notice any of these symptoms, you may want to pencil in a few days off to decompress: • Irritability • Fatigue • Insomnia • Inability to concentrate • Memory loss • Eye strain (from staring at a computer screen for a long stretch) • Dark circles under your eyes from lack of sleep Too much stress or overwork without time off can lead to more serious health problems in the future. The short list includes: • High blood pressure (which can lead to a stroke or heart attack) • Weight gain (from eating quick, easy, but usually unhealthy meals on the run) • Bouts of insomnia • Hair loss • Depression If you suffer from any of these conditions already, prolonged stress can make them worse. Though it’s admirable to plow through the mountain of work on your desk day in and day out, if you have any of the above symptoms, you have to ask yourself if risking your health for the sake of your job is really worth it. Wrap up any current projects and tell your boss that you’ll be unavailable for a few days next week. Chances are your work performance and those who’ve been putting up with your grumpy moods will thank you. What to Do on Days Off It sounds hard to believe, but I know people who just don’t know what to do with themselves when they get a little bit of free time. High-energy folks who always need to be doing something might see vacation days as the kiss of death. But relax! It’s not a crime to take a day or two off to just do nothing. For me, every vacation day I’ve used in the past year was to go on a trip of some kind. My holidays off have been filled with visiting family and friends, with very little down time for myself. . Finally, my July 4th holiday this year was reserved for me—I purposely did nothing all day. I got my picnicking, fireworks, and obligatory quality time with friends and family out of the way early in the weekend, and that day was just for myself. Try it sometime. Lay around in your pajamas all day. Read a book. Organize your closet. Go shopping. Really take the day off.

THE PRESSING ISSUES OF TODAY S WORLD PROF ANA LOVATO

In the CEI s classes we not only propose tackling the current issues pressinG the world today because this is a must for all our , advanced level trainees. This is pressing for them and in order to pass their exams and promote their subjects they definitely must be aware of them However, it is still necessary, even regardless of college expectations,for them to get their teeth into these issues, as they have to do with equipping them and empowering them with the new challenges reaching them Please share this article with your mates in your HANGOUTS and discuss what four important issues are brought to light here SEE IF YOIU SPOT THEM Enjoy https://impact.economist.com/projects/future-is-you/article/spotting-wildfire-risks-with-ai-technology/?utm_source=paid-media&utm_medium=Economist.com&utm_campaign=Samsung-Futureisyou-2023&utm_content=970x250 PROF ANA LOVATO CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES

TRANSITION TO ADULTHOOD Melina GIARIO B2

Melina read articles on this topic as the evidence she provides shows but she added her own points of views and conclusions in this essay The transition to adulthood is critical but often misunderstood. As societal and economic changes have created new demands and challenges for young people, particularly those in the 18- to 25-year-old range, we now recognize emerging adulthood as a distinct period separate from adolescence and older adulthood (Arnett, 2004). During this period, emerging adults experience new life roles. When we were children , we espected our parents to decide for us They made decisions and it was very difficult for us kids to have control over our lives As time goes by, we learn that one day our parents won t be with us, either because they grow too old, or they pass away , so we realize we had better choose our own path in life W e can t depend on them for keeps. Even if we fully agree with their lifelong choices, Time will come for us to be in control . It s not whether we actually want or do not want to become independant : the time will come for us to have to do so , regardless of what we want to do This means we will have , or we had some time ago to create our own personal identity . Sometimes we experienced unhealthy behaviours, and very often we discovered that we were at odds with what our paren

ts presented to us as good options . We sought a change, we wanted to create our own path , even if it was quite different from the one they had shown us a the best path Throughout adolescence, there is a continued risk of experimentation with situations that may be risky for us kids, therefore it fowllos that listening to what our parents have to tell us is all too important , as they have probably gone through the same experiences as we are going through now and thus know about those risks . Parents usually wish to prevent their kids making serious mistakes that they may later on regret in later stages of their lives They are no longer minors and are faced with two additional life challenges: increased adult responsibilities and decreased familial support. Autonomy: Emotional and Behavioral Components A core element in the journey to adulthood involves the attainment of autonomy (Rice & Dolgin, 2008). During this time period, young people establish their uniqueness from others, and new interests, values, goals, and worldviews divergent from close others may emerge (Rice & Dolgin, 2008). As a normal developmental process, autonomy has been described as having two components: emotional and behavioral. Emotional autonomy refers to becoming free of childish emotional dependence on adults (Rice & Dolgin, 2008). Parents can either foster an overdependence on the developing young person or provide the opposite, a lack of guidance and support. Clearly, a balance of both is the most preferred course of action (Rice & Dolgin, 2008). Behavioral autonomy refers to youth learning to become more skilled in their own self-governing behavior and independent enough to make decisions on their own accord (Holmbeck et al., 2006; Rice & Dolgin, 2008). Young persons are faced with difficult choices sometimes either follow what their parents suggest or try their own way of doing things If you reading these lines have ever faced this dilemma , what did you do ? Did you take your partents warnings into account or did you make your own decision , even contradicting them ? An adolescent s lack of previous experience may lead him or her easily into error. Thus, it sounds reasonable alway to take your elder s experiences into account and then judge by yourself how you could improve on them so as not to make preduictable mistakes that might cause unnecessary suffering

stages in life : how to grow old and still be good by BERTRAND RUSSEL BY ANA LOVATO

https://www.organism.earth/library/document/how-to-grow-old DO YOU KNOW WHO BERTRAND RUSEL WAS ? oNE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT britsih philosophers OF ALL TIMES hERE iM SENDING YOU AN ARTICLE HE WROTE ABOUT OLD AGE. oR NOT TO GROW OLD, IN ACTUAL FACT. hOPE YOU ENJOY READING IT prof ana lovato cei

WHAT ARE THE GRAMMAR ISSUES THAT B2 STS MUST KNOW VERY WELL ?

CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES If you want to be sure that you have reached your b2 level , you must read these grammar topics in your grammar book TENSE CONSTRUCTION AND TENSE USAGE WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION EXPRESSED BY EACH TENSE ? VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVE VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUND VERBS FOLLOWED BY BOTH WITH CHANGE IN MEANING CONNECTORS AND CONJUNCTIONS HOW ARE THEY DIFFERENT¿ STRUCTURES USED FOR EACH CONNECTOR DISCOURSE USAGE FOR EACH CONNECTOR HOW ARE THEY USED IN COMPOSTION WRITING? CLAUSES OF ADDITION- CLAUSES OF CONTRAST - CLAUSES OF CONDITION- CLAUSES OF PURPOSE CLAUSES OF RESULT MODAL VERBS PRESENT , PAST AND FUTURE TIME FOR EACH MODAL VERB MODALS EXPRESSING CAPACITY- `PRoBABILITY- POSSIBILITY- PREFERENCE- DEDUCTION- OBLIGATION- NECESSITY - HABIT IN THE PRESENT And in the past WHAT IUS THE GREAT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A MODAL VERB AND A CONTENT OR ACTION VERB ? PREPOSTIONS FOR TIME AND PLACE ADVERBIAL PARTICLES AND PHRASAL VERBS CAUSATIVE USE OF VERBS NARRATIVE AND ESSAY TYPE WRITINGS- REPORTS AND BIOGRAPHIES : PARTS OF A COMPOSTION COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE OR MASS NOUNS WORD FORMATION FROM NOUN TO ADJECTIVE FROM ADJECTIVE TO VERB- ADVERBS ABD THEIR USAGE COLLOCATIONS THIS LAST TOPIC USUALLY REQUIRES STS TO DO SPECIAL SEMINARS TO SPAN THE MOST IMPORTANT COLLOCATIONS IN ENGLISH error correction and remedcial work is required for sts who still have a good deal of uncertainty about some grammar questions . This is also a SPECIAL SEMINAR given at the CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES when sts should require so . pLEASE ASK YOU TEACHER IF YOU DO NOT KNOW HOW TO LOOK UP THESE GRANMAR TOPICS IN YOUR GRAMMAR BOOKS

SPORTS AND POLITICS DO THEY MIX? by Sandra Bellino CUPEI

Should sport and politics mix? Conor Keenan Embed from Getty Images Prior to the beginning of the new Formula 1 season, Red Bull team boss Christian Horner stated that “F1 is not a political sport and it shouldn’t be used politically”. Christian Horner is wrong, and the idea that sport is not political is out of touch with reality. Sport is escapism. This is why we love it. It’s the idea that you can sit down in your favourite spot on the sofa, put your feet up and become engrossed at the world class levels your favourite sports are played at. You become so engrossed that all of life’s worries are forgotten about, whether that be for 90 minutes, 72 laps or 18 holes. The general belief is that politics and sports should not mix. Somehow, the idea that sport is a phenomenon separated from politics and society has developed. This has largely been peddled by people who use sport for their own political or societal gain. The most recent example comes from the wonderful sporting utopia of Formula One, the sporting organisation that has expanded its influence in countries with some of the worst human rights records in the world – Saudi Arabia, Abu Dhabi and Qatar just to name a few. The suits at Formula One introduced a ban on drivers displaying political or religious statements ‘without prior approval’ for the new season that began this weekend. This ban is an attempt by the governing body to clamp down on drivers’ freedoms of expression, to use their position as world-renowned athletes to push for change in the world. Embed from Getty Images Despite the ban, Lewis Hamilton continued to wear his rainbow themed helmet in the opening race in Bahrain, a country in which is illegal for homosexuals to marry. Hamilton has yet to be sanctioned for his display. It is the latest addition of, the more than likely, white men in suits at a board table pretending that sports and politics aren’t inherently linked. Ultimately, sports and politics have and will always be linked. Sport does not live in a vacuum, detached from the rest of the world. In fact, sports are inherently connected to the social and political contexts of their time. The sports themselves are shaped by this, and in return they help shape society. Look at the countless examples from the past century. The origins of both Rugby Union and Rugby league were based primarily through the origins of class in England. The rivalry between Celtic and Rangers in Scotland is rooted in sectarianism and tribalism around Irish nationalism. The raised black-gloved fists of Tommie Lee and John Carlos at the 1968 Olympics will remain one of the most iconic single moments in sport. Embed from Getty Images Sport is joined at the hip with nationalism, one of the most powerful tools in a politician’s arsenal. The Olympics medal table does not have individual athletes’ names on it, but rather a number of medals beside a nation’s flag. Sport can be used as a vehicle to drive a country’s nationalist machine, as shown so blatantly at the 1936 Olympics. A more recent example were the 1980 in Moscow and the following 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles, where political point scoring and parades of national strength played out at the height of the cold war. Part of the reason politics and sport will always be entrancingly linked is it’s now increasing use by politicians themselves. Sport has become a prop for the political elite to improve their self-image. The 2022 Qatar World Cup has been the most high-profile example thus far, and Formula One is contradicting itself by adding races in countries with the financial power to draw in these events for their own PR development rather than actually addressing social and political issues with their own people. Christian Horner’s support of banning political statements by drivers are sanctimonious. These comments came 3 years after Horner welcomed then Prime Minister Boris Johnson to the Red Bull headquarters in Milton Keynes for a photo opportunity on his campaign trail. Embed from Getty Images The hypocrisy is glaring. Sports will always be linked with politics while politicians use it as a prop. The fact that those in power are trying to limit the freedoms of the sports stars, the very people who make their sports successful, should be a concern for athletes in any sport. Athletes, now more than ever, have a platform to be spokespeople for issues around the world, and Williams driver Alex Albon expressed he feels it is a responsibility for sports stars like himself to “make people aware of these kind of situations”. Trying to separate sport from politics is putting the purity of sport at risk. Like any other facet of life, sport is deeply political. There was little uproar when the sporting world reacted swiftly to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, kicking them out of the International Olympic Committee and FIFA World Cup Qualifying. Where is the faux outrage for these actions from the ‘no politics in sport’ brigade, or are they too focused on footballers taking a knee? The title of this article gives the impression that we have a choice of whether sport and politics mix. Ultimately, sport always has been and will be political, whether those in charge like it or not. Instead of attempting the impossible task of separating sport and politics, we should instead focus on harnessing political acts in sport for the greater good. If we do not, sport risks lagging behind a rapidly changing society, arguably faster than we have ever seen. Author

crime across the border : Illicit trade

Collaborating across sectors and borders Illicit trade—the production and exchange of counterfeit or smuggled goods, as well as trafficking in animals, humans and illegal items—can be lucrative. According to the International Chamber of Commerce, the financial cost of illicit trade is estimated to be $4.2trn annually. Criminals profit from the sale of banned products like drugs and firearms, and use anonymity to keep their international networks hidden. When it comes to cross-border movement of illegal goods, North America’s expansiveness exacerbates the problem. The United States shares the world’s longest land border (at 8,890km), with Canada and the busiest land border crossing with Mexico. This makes preventing smuggling and illegal migration especially challenging for border security and customs agencies. With just over 12,000km in land borders and approximately 230,000km of coastline, North America is ripe with opportunities for criminal networks to traffic people and illegal goods and improve their position in the illicit market. Technology has also empowered criminals, who now use mobile devices, digital currencies and the internet to adapt to the market. Authorities find it harder to catch them partly due to e-commerce, since servers can be anywhere in the world. Meanwhile, online consumers find it difficult to tell the difference between legitimate and illegitimate goods. Stopping transnational crime requires collaboration between companies and local, national and international authorities. These organisations will need regular communication on cross-border illicit trade flows and new penalties, international regulations and standards. Governments must also educate their populations on how to identify and avoid buying illicit items. Agenda Case studies and solution-focused sessions Networking Meet in-person and take advantage of exclusive networking opportunities

Current Geopolitics for our CEI S interpreters 1

https://www.economist.com/the-economist-reads/2023/08/09/what-to-read-to-understand-international-relations What to read to understand international relations Five books that explain the forces shaping geopolitics A large screen displays United States President Joe Biden, left, and China's President Xi Jinping during a virtual summit as people walk by during the evening CCTV news broadcast outside a shopping mall in Beijing, China. image: getty images Aug 9th 2023 Share “The world today is undergoing great changes, the likes of which we have not seen for 100 years.” This observation by Xi Jinping, China’s president, may exaggerate, but he is surely right that international relations are changing more now than at any time since the second world war. The “unipolar moment” of 1990-2010, when America had no rivals, is over. China presents a military, economic and technological challenge more pervasive than that mounted by the Soviet Union. In some ways the world is reverting to the disorder of the cold war, except that, unlike the Soviet Union, China does not champion, or even believe in, universal values. The two sides trade far more than the cold-war antagonists did. Countries allied to neither, such as Brazil, India and Saudi Arabia, are playing more important roles than during the cold war. Alas, Mr Xi’s “great changes” await their historians. Good histories take time to write and the rivalry between America and China is comparatively new. It sharpened in 2022-23, when China’s ally, Russia, invaded Ukraine and America imposed sanctions on some technology exports to China. How the rivalry will play out is uncertain. America is caught between a Bidenesque desire for global leadership and Trumpian isolationism; China may precipitate a world war by invading Taiwan; Russia’s regime could gain something from its aggression against Ukraine—or implode. Tomorrow’s world may be defined less by bipolar rivalry than by several competing spheres of interest, a version of the 19th century’s tensions. No wonder historians are holding off. Meanwhile, these five books illuminate separate aspects of today’s geopolitics.

HOMESCHOOLING DURING THE PANDEMIC

HOW DID PARENTS AND KIDS MANAGE ? HOW DID THEY COPE? https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/14/education/learning/students-parents-teachers-remote-stories.html

IELTS LETTER WRITING SITTING IN FOR SOMEONE

Dear Carolyn, Thank you for agreeing to house-sit for me. If you need to contact me during my holiday, I’ll be staying at the Imperial Hotel in Bundaberg. If it’s urgent, however, please ring my mobile phone, which I’ll keep with me at all times. I’ve written the numbers on a sticky note which I’ve left on the fridge. My cat needs to be fed twice daily so each morning and evening put a handful of cat biscuits in his dish. You will find these in the kitchen pantry. Also, please check throughout the day to make sure he has fresh water. You can give him a small bowl of milk in the evening. I would like you to water my plants, too. The indoor ones in the lounge only need water once every few days but the plants on the balcony need to be watered daily unless there has been heavy rain. Finally, for security, please clear my mail box every day and keep the outside lights on at night. I look forward to seeing you on my return.

WHAT DO WE KNOW OR ARE CERTAIN OF ABOUT CHINESE BEING RESPONSIBLE FOR COVID?

Covid: Top Chinese scientist says don’t rule out lab leak Published 30 May Share Prof George Gao IMAGE SOURCE,REUTERS Image caption, Prof George Gao By John Sudworth & Simon Maybin BBC News The possibility the Covid virus leaked from a laboratory should not be ruled out, a former top Chinese government scientist has told BBC News. As head of China's Centre for Disease Control (CDC), Prof George Gao played a key role in the pandemic response and efforts to trace its origins. China's government dismisses any suggestion the disease may have originated in a Wuhan laboratory. But Prof Gao is less forthright. ADVERTISEMENT In an interview for the BBC Radio 4 podcast Fever: The Hunt for Covid's Origin, Prof Gao says: "You can always suspect anything. That's science. Don't rule out anything." A world-leading virologist and immunologist, Prof Gao is now president of China's International Institute of Vaccine Innovation after retiring from the CDC last year. In a possible sign that the Chinese government may have taken the lab leak theory more seriously than its official statements suggest, Prof Gao also tells the BBC some kind of formal investigation into the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV) was carried out. "The government organised something," he says, but adds that it did not involve his own department, the China CDC. We asked him to clarify whether that meant another branch of government carried out a formal search of the WIV - one of China's top national laboratories, known to have spent years studying coronaviruses. "Yeah," he replies, "that lab was double-checked by the experts in the field." It's the first such acknowledgement that some kind of official investigation took place, but while Prof Gao says he has not seen the result, he has "heard" that the lab was given a clean bill of health. "I think their conclusion is that they are following all the protocols. They haven't found [any] wrongdoing." line More from John Sudworth on Covid Jul 2020: Wuhan, city of silence Dec 2020: Wuhan scientist would 'welcome' visit probing lab leak theory March 2023: Toxic debate over lab leak theory hampers search The virus that causes Covid, it is almost certain, once came from bats. But how it got from bats to us is a far more controversial question, and from the start there were two main possibilities. One is that the virus spread naturally from bats to humans, perhaps via other animals. Many scientists say the weight of evidence suggests that is the most likely scenario. But other scientists say there is not enough evidence to rule out the main alternative possibility - that the virus infected someone involved in research which was designed to better understand the threat of viruses emerging from nature. Those two alternatives now find themselves at the heart of a geopolitical stand-off, a swirling mass of conspiracy theories, and one of the most politicised and toxic scientific debates of our time. In the new BBC podcast we shed light on this difficult, but vitally important, question through interviews with some of the leading scientists from all sides of the debate - as well as on-the-ground reporting, from the streets of Wuhan to the inside of a high-security laboratory in the US. Prof Shi Zhengli IMAGE SOURCE,GETTY IMAGES Image caption, Prof Shi Zhengli inside the laboratory in Wuhan A Singapore-based scientist, Prof Wang Linfa, was visiting the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV), where he is an honorary professor, in January 2020, just as the coronavirus outbreak was taking hold. He tells the BBC a colleague at the WIV had been worried about the possibility of a lab leak, but that she was able to dismiss it. Prof Wang is a professor of emerging infectious diseases at the Duke-NUS Medical School in Singapore, and collaborates regularly with Prof Shi Zhengli, a professor with the same speciality at the WIV. Long-standing friends, they are two of the world's top experts on bat coronaviruses - earning themselves the nicknames Batman and Batwoman. Prof Wang says Prof Shi told him she "lost sleep for a day or two" because she worried about the possibility that "there's a sample in her lab that she did not know of, but has a virus, contaminated something, and got out". But he says that she checked her samples and found they contained no evidence of the virus that causes Covid or any other virus close enough to have caused the outbreak. He also says there's "zero chance" that Prof Shi or anyone in her team was hiding the fact that they had found evidence of a lab leak because they were behaving like nothing happened, including going out for dinner, and planning a karaoke session. Now-declassified US intelligence suggests that several researchers at the WIV became sick in autumn 2019 with symptoms "consistent with both Covid-19 and common seasonal illnesses". But Prof Wang tells us that he suggested Prof Shi take blood samples from her team to see if they had Covid antibodies in January 2020. He says she followed his advice and all the tests were negative. Huanan Seafood Market IMAGE SOURCE,GETTY IMAGES Image caption, Huanan Seafood Market Prof Wang is one of a group of scientists who believe that the evidence overwhelmingly suggests that the virus passed to humans in a Wuhan market. The Huanan Seafood Market - which sold much more than its name suggests, including wild mammals - was connected to many of the early cases, people who worked or shopped there. Although China has shown a marked lack of transparency, those scientists say there is now enough information, such as the data on those early cases and the environmental sampling in that market, to rule out a lab leak. In fact, such claims of certainty have been there from the start, most notably in a March 2020 paper which has become one of the most read and most controversial scientific papers of the internet age. "The Proximal Origin of Sars-Cov-2" was written by some of the most eminent scientists in the field of virology and emerging disease, and it concluded: "We do not believe that any type of laboratory-based scenario is plausible." It helped to bolster the idea - that quickly became prevalent in much of the media coverage - that the lab leak was a conspiracy theory. But one of the paper's authors has told the podcast that he now has doubts about the strength of that earlier conclusion. Ian Lipkin, a professor of epidemiology at Columbia University in New York, has long-experience tracking diseases around the world, including in China, where he has built strong contacts. He was also the scientific adviser on the Hollywood blockbuster Contagion. Prof Lipkin now says ruling out any lab-based scenario in the paper was putting it too strongly. While he continues to believe that the market remains the most plausible explanation for where Covid came from, and does not believe the virus was deliberately engineered, he does not feel all laboratory or research scenarios can yet be excluded. And he volunteers a theory of his own, pointing to another Wuhan laboratory - run by the Wuhan Centre for Disease Control - located just a few hundred metres away from the Huanan Seafood Market. Prof Ian Lipkin Image caption, Prof Ian Lipkin It was known to be involved in the collection of thousands of blood and faecal samples from wild bats, research that was sometimes done without wearing proper protective equipment, according to Chinese news reports - a clear infection risk. "The people who work there could have become infected while they're in a cave collecting bats," Prof Lipkin says, adding that he was not aware of the lab and its work when he co-wrote the March 2020 paper. Prof Lipkin says that further analysis pointing to the Huanan Seafood Market as the origin of the virus - including recent research focused on evidence of raccoon dogs at the market - does not resolve the origin question. The virus, he says, could have "originated outside of the market and been amplified in the market". Short presentational grey line On the surface, Prof Gao's comments about not ruling out a lab leak appear seriously at odds with China's publicly stated position. Risky even. "The so-called 'lab leak' is a lie created by anti-China forces. It is politically motivated and has no scientific basis," reads a statement provided by the Chinese embassy in the UK. But looked at another way, there may be more common ground than it seems. In its propaganda, the Chinese government has been pushing a strange, unsubstantiated third theory of its own. The virus, it says, didn't come from the lab or the market but may have been brought into the country on frozen food packaging. The Chinese government says it rules out both the lab and the market - and Prof Gao's comments could simply be seen as the more scientific version of that position, because he rules out neither. Both are based on that idea of a lack of evidence. "We really don't know where the virus came from… the question is still open," Prof Gao tells the BBC. Short presentational grey line Scientists dispute - sometimes bitterly - whether the question really is still open. But, outside China at least, there is broad agreement on one thing: China has not done enough to look for evidence or share it. Though it may seem like a simple question, it's anything but. Where did Covid come from? For every life lost, for everyone who's suffered and for those who continue to suffer, the answer matters. The Fever: The Hunt for Covid's Origin podcast is available on BBC Sounds.

HOW TO KEEP MUSCLE AS YOU AGE

LOSING BODY MUSCLE IS AN ISSUE THROUGHOUT OUR LIVES, BUT THIS BECOMES PARETICULARLY NOTICEABLE AS WE AGE READ THIS ARTICLE FROM THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-to-keep-muscles-strong-as-you-age/

LESSONS LEARNED FROM RUSSIAN UK WAR +VIDEO

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQuh6eo1go8

ASYLUM SEEKERS 2023 BRITISH SITUATION

Britain’s tough asylum plans are held up in court and by the Lords Rishi Sunak will push on with efforts to “stop the boats”

Migrants travel in an inflatable boat across the English Channel. image: getty images Jul 4th 2023 Share Rishi sunak’s ambition to “stop the boats” has hit rough water. On June 29th the Court of Appeals ruled that his government’s solution to the problem of asylum-seekers crossing the English Channel in flimsy dinghies—packing some off to Rwanda—was illegal. In the following week the House of Lords put fresh dents in his other plan, the legislation that would allow this to happen. The Illegal Migration Bill, which Parliament’s upper chamber is considering, would render inadmissible asylum claims by those who reach Britain in this way and allow the government to detain and deport them. Both plans are flawed, as their bumpy passage suggests. Even if the Rwanda scheme were allowed to go ahead it would achieve little: the government in Kigali has said it could only take 200 asylum-seekers initially. Last year 46,000 people crossed the Channel in small boats and a bigger tally is expected this year. The Illegal Migration Bill, meanwhile, has so many defects it seems largely unworkable. Many of those who enter Britain in small boats are asylum-seekers who can legitimately expect to be recognised as refugees under the terms of the Refugee Convention, to which Britain is a signatory. Among those who arrived in small boats in 2022 nearly half came from just five countries: within that group, of those who have seen a decision made, well over four-fifths were granted asylum. It is unclear where the government would send such people. International law forbids returning asylum-seekers to countries deemed unsafe. Britain does not have a returns agreement with France. It has no other agreement with a third country that would be considered safe. On June 28th, prompted by concerns that the government might violate international law, the Lords passed a cross-party amendment which would mean the bill could not “require that British officials, ministers or His Majesty’s judges breach precious international treaties”. Days later the Lords voted to add to the bill new protections for some groups of asylum-seekers. They include stricter time limits for the detention of children and pregnant women. The bill will go back to the Commons, which could overturn some or all the Lords’ amendments. The government’s small-boats policy is thus being slowed, but not permanently blocked. The government might prevail on Rwanda. The court’s judgment was made on narrow grounds. Two of the three judges considered the scheme illegal because deficiencies in Rwanda’s asylum system could mean people would be sent to their (unsafe) home countries. The Lord Chief Justice, Lord Burnett of Maldon, disagreed. Yet all three accepted that Rwanda had given assurances in good faith. If the case goes to the Supreme Court, as seems likely, the scheme may get a green light. The policy may have become less popular with Conservative mps, though, after the Home Office pointed out it would cost around £169,000 ($215,000) to send a migrant to a safe third country: £63,000 more than processing them in Britain. If the Supreme Court rules in favour of the government this may nonetheless pave the way to find other safe countries to accept asylum seekers. The migration bill may yet become law. But it would probably not change much. Britain would still be expected to process the claims of those who come from countries to which they cannot be returned. “The most likely outcome is an ever-growing perma-backlog of undecided asylum cases combined with increasing numbers of refugees disappearing from Home Office records because they have no incentive to stay in touch,” says Colin Yeo, an immigration barrister. The government must hope that its plans will at least go down well with voters who want tough talk on asylum and migration. They constitute around a third of the electorate, says Sunder Katwala of British Future, a think-tank. About the same share of voters object to the government’s plans on principle, while the rest are somewhere in the pragmatic middle. In the short term the government might be content to blame the impasse on the courts and the Lords. “But by the time the election comes and the policy still hasn’t worked it will have upset all three groups of voters”, he says.■ For more expert analysis of the biggest stories in Britain, sign up to Blighty, our weekly subscriber-only newsletter. Share Reuse this content THE ECONOMIST TODAY Handpicked stories, in your inbox A daily newsletter with the best of our journalism Sign up More from Britain Why right-wing Europeans are flocking to an English thinker The mystery of three grand Budapest cafes The NHS in England gets a plan for fixing its broken workforce Yet bigger changes are needed for Europe’s biggest employer The boss of Britain’s spies speaks Sir Simon Gass explains what his team got right—and wrong Subscribe Group subscriptions Reuse our content The Trust Project Help and contact us Keep updated Published since September 1843 to take part in “a severe contest between intelligence, which presses forward, and an unworthy, timid ignorance obstructing our progress.” The Economist About Advertise Press centre The Economist Group The Economist Group Economist Intelligence Economist Impact Economist Events Working Here Economist Education Courses Which MBA? 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DIGITAL PAYMENTS

AS WE GO MORE AND MORE ON LINE, THIS ARTICLE IS WORTH A READ As payments systems go digital, they are changing global finance The fight over payments systems is hotting up around the world. There may be surprising winners, says Arjun Ramani May 15th 2023 Share Payment is one of the most fundamental economic activities. To buy anything, you need something the seller wants. One option is barter, but that is beset by friction (what are the chances of having something your counterparty wants at any exact moment?). Early forms of money, from cowrie shells to beads to metal coins, offered a solution: they were always in demand to settle transactions. But they came with their own problems, from counterfeiting and delay to not having enough when needed (illiquidity). The use of credit for trade, first recorded in Mesopotamia five millennia ago, changed the game. It provided immediate liquidity, boosting commerce, but it also required trust and verification, introducing a fresh set of issues. Listen to this story. Enjoy more audio and podcasts on iOS or Android. For centuries humans have mostly used physical objects, including cash, to transact. Banks were originally meant merely to safeguard commodities such as grain, rather than being linked to consumer payments. Later, cheques became tied to bank accounts. The first credit cards (Diners Club in 1950) and cards with magnetic stripes (American Express in 1971) started a broader shift away from paper money and cheques for retail payments. But they were mostly limited to developed economies and to affluent customers of banks, still the central nodes of finance. Now a new wave of digitisation, driven by the arrival of smartphones and the internet, is changing payments systems again. By making possible near-instant, remote payment, it massively reduces friction in the movement of money. This both facilitates trade from a distance and leaves a clear auditable trail. Digitised forms of payment can also become a basis for the provision of broader financial services, an especially important change in poorer countries with less developed financial systems. The arrival of digital-payment platforms promises to create new kings of the highly lucrative global payments system, which recorded some $2.1trn in revenues in 2021. Out with lumbering banks, expensive credit cards and grimy physical cash, it suggests. Instead, in with flashy crypto protocols, seamless fintech wallets and even digital central-bank money. Some of the excitement around this has been excessive. But this special report argues that the system of moving money around is indeed undergoing massive change. The share of cash-based transactions is plummeting, having fallen by an average of 25 percentage points in the world’s main markets from 2011 to 2021. Emerging economies are seeing some of the biggest drops (see chart). Digitisation is a big part of this shift away from cash. Various systems are emerging around the world, each with its advantages and drawbacks. And it is not always new fintech firms, digital newcomers or fancy cryptocurrencies that are leading the rewiring. Often, it is a combination of state-led systems and incumbent banks that are adopting new technology. Thus in India and Brazil, new state-sponsored payment platforms have become the dominant forms of non-cash payment, bringing hundreds of millions of previously unbanked citizens into the formal financial system. In the West the bank/card model has, despite its fintech challengers, remained largely intact even as digitisation takes hold. China’s closed fintech apps and new settlement system may yet spread across Asia and also reduce the region’s dependence on the dollar. Modern digital-payment platforms are clearly challenging the old order There are big implications in all this for relations between money and the state. Some governments may be using digital finance to help police their own people. The West may find that the spread of digital-payment platforms means it loses some financial clout. Frictionless movement of money may make for greater efficiency, but it could foster financial instability by making it easier for customers to withdraw bank deposits, a lesson seen in the failure of Silicon Valley Bank, which was preceded by a bank run. Just as with any new technology, digital finance has had its share of hype. But modern digital-payment platforms are clearly challenging the old order. Traditionally banks were the entry point to formal finance. Now payments through apps that use qr codes, fast payment networks and high-speed internet connections have become the gateway for many. As users begin sending and receiving money, the data that such platforms collect can help unlock other financial services such as loans and insurance. A good example is China’s Alipay, initially an escrow service for Alibaba’s e-commerce platform. Before this, notes Jack Poon of Hong Kong Polytechnic University, “You had to go to a street shop to buy video-game points in-person.” Alipay, which drew inspiration from the servicing of eBay by PayPal, a payments firm, boosted e-commerce by using smartphones and qr codes to scale up fast. Along with its counterpart WeChat Pay, it now processes some 90% of Chinese digital payments. “People look at you funny if you try to pay with cash,” notes Mr Poon. A payments upheaval As the world started going increasingly cashless, and with record-low interest rates making money in effect free, a frenzy erupted around digital finance in the summer of 2020. Hundreds of new crypto protocols were launched, and many earned interest on crypto-deposits of 20% or more at seemingly no risk. The market value of the cryptosphere grew to $3trn in 2021. China’s Ant Group, a payments and lending firm, began gearing up for a blockbuster listing at an expected valuation of over $300bn. By summer 2021 PayPal was worth around $350bn, putting it close to JPMorgan Chase, the world’s biggest bank, and Visa, the largest card network (then valued at $450bn and $520bn, respectively).

WHEN YOU USE A CALCULATOR TO DO A MATHEMATICAL OPERATION . , YOU TRUST THE FIGURE IT PRODUCES. CAN WE TRUST A.I.? ALWAYS? READ : Concerns about AI developing skills independently of its programmers’ wishes have long absorbed scientists, ethicists, and, of course, plenty of science fiction writers. But perhaps we should be more concerned about what it gets flagrantly wrong, sometimes with an alarming amount of confidence. The industry calls these screw-ups “hallucinations.” Scientists have discovred that a.i. has created a language that the machines creators don t know elon musk has even suggested stopping them for some time until we humans can know what they are doing .. this remidns me of a phrase i think MR CORTAZAR wrote some years ago : SINCE THE LAST ONE OF THEM FORGOT TO DISCONNECT US , WE HAVE GONE ON WORKING " SCARY, TO SAY THE LEAST PROF PAT GREY

A.I. ARE MACHINES FINALLY TAKING OVER FROM US ? CECILY

ZANNY BEDOES is editor in chief of the prestigious ECONOMIST MAGAZINE SHE SAID THIS IN HER LATEST ISSUE Read in browser APRIL 20TH 2023 The Economist this week Highlights from the latest issue ________________________________________ ________________________________________ Zanny Minton Beddoes Editor-in-chief I am fascinated and awed by the new generative AI models popping up everywhere. But I have struggled with how to think about them. Should we be excited or anxious about this fast-moving technology—or both? The abilities of “large language models”—of the sort that power ChatGPT, a chatbot made by OpenAI—seem to have surprised everyone, including their creators. One recently passed the American Uniform Bar Examination, a fearsome test of lawyers' skills, in the 90th percentile. Our aim with this week’s issue was to help make sense of it all. In a special, expanded Science and Technology section, our writers explain how large, creative AI models work, the ways they could go wrong and what capabilities they might gain next. They’ve done a superb job of describing complex concepts in a clear and accessible way, including with interactive diagrams in digital versions of the articles. In an accompanying essay we look to history—from the printing press to computer browsers—to understand how this technology might change the world. Our leader pages, meanwhile, weigh the risks and opportunities of AI. If you are a subscriber and enjoy this week’s deep-dive into artificial intelligence, you can sign up to our weekly Simply Science newsletter. The machines have not taken over entirely this week, however. I also recommend our deeply reported article on why conflicts are lasting longer. The escalating crisis in Sudan is shocking. Sadly, our analysis shows that it is part of a broader trend. Editor’s picks Must-reads this week Technology and society How to worry wisely about artificial intelligence Read in browser APRIL 20TH 2023 The Economist this week Highlights from the latest issue ________________________________________ ________________________________________ Zanny Minton Beddoes Editor-in-chief I am fascinated and awed by the new generative AI models popping up everywhere. But I have struggled with how to think about them. Should we be excited or anxious about this fast-moving technology—or both? The abilities of “large language models”—of the sort that power ChatGPT, a chatbot made by OpenAI—seem to have surprised everyone, including their creators. One recently passed the American Uniform Bar Examination, a fearsome test of lawyers' skills, in the 90th percentile. Our aim with this week’s issue was to help make sense of it all. In a special, expanded Science and Technology section, our writers explain how large, creative AI models work, the ways they could go wrong and what capabilities they might gain next. They’ve done a superb job of describing complex concepts in a clear and accessible way, including with interactive diagrams in digital versions of the articles. In an accompanying essay we look to history—from the printing press to computer browsers—to understand how this technology might change the world. Our leader pages, meanwhile, weigh the risks and opportunities of AI. If you are a subscriber and enjoy this week’s deep-dive into artificial intelligence, you can sign up to our weekly Simply Science newsletter. The machines have not taken over entirely this week, however. I also recommend our deeply reported article on why conflicts are lasting longer. The escalating crisis in Sudan is shocking. Sadly, our analysis shows that it is part of a broader trend. Editor’s picks Must-reads this week Technology and society How to worry wisely about artificial intelligence Rapid progress in AI is arousing fear as well as excitement. How worried should you be? ________________________________________ Related How AI could change computing, culture and the course of history Large language models’ ability to generate text also lets them plan and reason How generative AI models work How generative models could go wrong Forgotten conflicts The world’s deadliest war last year wasn’t in Ukraine Sudan is not a one-off. There’s a disturbing resurgence in civil wars ________________________________________ The art of interpretation How to explain the puzzle of the world economy Welcome to the Mona Lisa effect ________________________________________ The too-big four Why EY and its rivals may eventually break up, after all The commercial logic for splitting up the big four is only getting stronger ________________________________________ The car industry Everything about carmaking is changing at once The industry must reinvent itself to keep pace, says Simon Wright ________________________________________ Related Special report: The car industry Bagehot If English nationalism is on the rise, no one has told the English The rise of English identity is largely myth ________________________________________ Economist Films AI safety How to stop artificial intelligence going rogue Researchers are increasingly worried about existential risks ________________________________________ The A-Z of economics Our word of the week Fiscal drag A way in which inflation can boost tax revenues. In most tax systems, workers must earn a certain amount before they pay income tax, or pay it a higher rate. If those allowances are not uprated every year in line with inflation, workers end up paying more in tax in real terms when their wages rise. Read about how Britain’s tax take is getting bigger, but the country’s tax system is deeply flawed. • Find more definitions in our A-Z of economics We’d like to hear from you Share your feedback via the email address below. Email newsletters@economist.com Was this email forwarded to you? Sign up here. This email has been sent to: cei@centroingles.com.ar. If you'd like to update your details please click here. Replies to this email will not reach us. If you don't want to receive these updates anymore, please unsubscribe here. Keep updated Advertising Info Terms & Conditions Help Privacy Policy Copyright © The Economist Newspaper Limited 2023. All rights reserved. Registered in England and Wales. No.236383 Registered office: The Adelphi, 1–11 John Adam Street, London, WC2N 6HT Rapid progress in AI is arousing fear as well as excitement. How worried should you be? ________________________________________ Related How AI could change computing, culture and the course of history Large language models’ ability to generate text also lets them plan and reason How generative AI models work How generative models could go wrong Forgotten conflicts The world’s deadliest war last year wasn’t in Ukraine Sudan is not a one-off. There’s a disturbing resurgence in civil wars

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HOW TO BECOMEAN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHER by ANA AND,. PAU AND PAT

 HOW TO BECOME AN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHER?

How to Become an ENGLISH Language Teacher?

Are you thinking of becoming a Language Teacher or already started your career and planning the next step?  

Perhaps you have thought of becoming a teacher while studying English . But you know that just knowing about a language is simply not enough to become a fully fledged one

Examine your personality traits.

Successful language teachers usually possess specific personal attributes that ensure they're able to provide a productive learning environment for students of all ages. These attributes include:

• Patience and a calm demeanor.
• Creativity to design engaging lesson plans.
• Tech savvy
• Excellent organizational skills.
• A strong desire to pass on knowledge.
• Superb written and verbal communication skills.
• Confidence and leadership skills to direct a group of people.

2

Get a  degree in education or a foreign language.

Most employers require language teachers to hold a  degree. Like other educators, people in this role are responsible for both planning and delivering lessons. Instructors must meet the minimum requirements to guide children AS WELL AS ADULTS  including:

• Studies  in education, a foreign language, linguistics, or a related field.
• Native-level fluency in the language of interest.
• An in-depth understanding of the culture associated with the language you plan to teach.
• Excellent literacy and grammatical skills.

3

Teachers to be must  immerse  in the culture of the language they intend to teach , taking into account the real needs of the studies in our country ARGENTINA and , now that our reach has expanded globally thanks to virtuality , to other cultures as well  The time you spend working or studying overseas through exchange programs and immersion courses will give you a leg up on the competition when interviewing for a language teacher position.

4

Take your state's certification exam.

 The requirements for foreign language teachers vary . Check certification requirements before committing to a program.

Recruiters just want  passionate teachers  who are fully committed to their personal improvement , which will lead to empowerment and better classes. It's important to note that a good teaching program can take varying lengths to complete. 

Continue your education by taking professional teaching courses.

If you have or are currently in charge of classes , you must always bear in mind that improving your language skills , even when you still don t possess a certification will unquestionably open new paths in your job search . NATIONAL TEACHER S  BOARD IS PERMANENTLY TRYING TO FILL IN VACANT POSTS AND IT PROVIDES TEACHERS WITH OPPORTUNITIES TO EVALUATE THEM IN ORDER TO OFFICIALLY APPOINT THEM 

There are many professional courses for language teachers to continue to develop their skills long after certification and employment. These opportunities for in-service development are more than merely a way to maintain your teaching certifications. These courses help you develop the highest-quality curriculum, bring effective and modern instruction methods to your classroom, and can even help boost your salary as a language teacher.

Owing to the shortage of teachers that are demanded by our educational system  Our NATIONAL BOARD sometimes appoint translators as teachers , which is not desirable , as these are completely different professions . Translators know next to very little about teaching or teaching methods and they are not likely to do a good job . Likewise, a teacher might not be good at translating , nor even ever be certified to do a professional translation .

To cut a long story short :  A TEACHING CAREER is sure to provide applicants or trainees with the tools to do a successful job with students who will always remember how good your classes were and left a life long  imprint in their lives . 

ANA, PAULA AND PAT 

ENGLISH STUDIES CENTER  WWW.CENTROINGLES.COM.AR 

44 YEARS ANNIVERSARY  

We don't have enough career path data for Language Teacher jobs. Below are job titles that share similar skill sets.

Perhaps you are already into teaching with some courses  in charge . But you are not certified yet and understand the importance of improving the foregin language to really teach well